John L. Sullivan


John Lawrence Sullivan was an American professional boxer. Nicknamed the "Boston Strong Boy" and known as John L. among his admirers, he is recognized as the first heavyweight champion of gloved boxing, de facto reigning from 7 February 1882 to 7 September 1892. He is also generally recognized as the last heavyweight champion of bare-knuckle boxing under the London Prize Ring Rules, being a cultural icon of the late 19th century America, arguably the first boxing superstar and one of the world's highest-paid athletes of his era.
Newspapers' coverage of his career, with the latest accounts of his championship fights often appearing in the headlines, and as cover stories, gave birth to sports journalism in the United States and set the pattern internationally for covering boxing events in media, and photodocumenting the prizefights.

Early life

Sullivan was born on October 15, 1858, in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, to Irish immigrant parents, Michael Sullivan from Abbeydorney, County Kerry and Catherine Kelly from Athlone, County Westmeath. He attended public schools in his native Boston, attending the Dwight Grammar School and performing well academically.
Sullivan's parents aspired for their son to enter the priesthood as a Catholic priest. To this end Sullivan enrolled at Boston College circa 1875 but after only a few months he turned to playing baseball professionally, earning the substantial sum of $30 to $40 a week for his efforts. As Sullivan recalled in 1883:
"I threw my books aside and gave myself up to it. This is how I got into the base-ball profession, and I left school for good and all. From the base-ball business I drifted into boxing and pugilism."

Boxing career

As a professional fighter Sullivan was nicknamed the "Boston Strong Boy". As a youth he was arrested several times for participating in bouts where the sport was outlawed. He went on exhibition tours offering people money to fight him. Sullivan won more than 450 fights in his career.
Sullivan may have sparred with black boxer James Young at Schieffelin Hall in Tombstone, Arizona, in 1882, though Sullivan later insisted that he never fought a black boxer. If this match did occur, it may have been just a brief sparring session that Sullivan did not regard seriously as a bout.
In 1883–84 Sullivan went on a coast-to-coast tour by train with five other boxers. They were scheduled to hold 195 fights in 136 different cities and towns over 238 days. To help promote the tour, Sullivan announced that he would box anyone at any time during the tour under the Queensberry Rules for $250. He knocked out eleven men during the tour.
In Sullivan's era, no formal boxing titles existed. He became a champion after defeating Paddy Ryan in Mississippi City, near Gulfport, Mississippi, on February 7, 1882. Modern authorities have retroactively labelled Ryan the "Heavyweight Champion of America", but any claim to Ryan's being a "world champion" would have been dubious; he had never contended internationally as Sullivan had.
Depending on the modern authority, Sullivan was first considered world heavyweight champion either in 1885 when he defeated Dominick McCaffrey in Ohio, in 1888 when he fought Charley Mitchell in France, or in 1889 when he knocked out Jake Kilrain in round 75 of a scheduled 80-round bout.
When the modern authorities refer to the "heavyweight championship of the world," they are likely referring to the championship belt presented to Sullivan in Boston on August 8, 1887. The belt was inscribed Presented to the Champion of Champions, John L. Sullivan, by the Citizens of the United States. Its centerpiece featured the flags of the US, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.

Charley Mitchell fight

In March of 1888, Sullivan fought Charley Mitchell, an English prize-fighter, for 39 rounds in defense of his world title.
Mitchell was from Birmingham, England and had fought Sullivan in 1883, knocking him down in the first round before the police halted the contest in the third. Their second meeting took place on March 10, 1888 on the grounds of a chateau at Chantilly, France, with the fight held in driving rain. It went on for more than two hours, and by the end of the bout, both men were unrecognizable and had suffered so much damage that neither could lift his arms up to punch. Both men couldn't continue, and the contest was considered a draw.
At this point, the local gendarmerie arrived and arrested Mitchell. He was confined to jail for a few days and later fined by the local magistrate, because bare-knuckled boxing was illegal in France at the time. Swathed in bandages, Sullivan was helped to evade the law and taken across the English Channel to spend the next few weeks convalescing in Liverpool.

The Kilrain fight

The Kilrain fight is considered to be a turning point in boxing history because it was the last world title bout fought under the London Prize Ring Rules, and therefore was the last-ever bare-knuckle heavyweight title bout. It was also one of the first sporting events in the United States to receive national press coverage.
Newspapers carried extensive pre-fight coverage which included reporting on the fighters' training and speculating on where the bout would take place. The traditional center of bare-knuckle fighting was New Orleans, but the governor of Louisiana had forbidden the fight in that state. Sullivan had trained for months in Belfast, New York, under trainer William Muldoon, whose biggest problem had been keeping Sullivan from liquor. A report on Sullivan's training regimen in Belfast was written by famed reporter Nellie Bly and published in the New York World.
Rochester reporter Arch Merrill commented that occasionally Sullivan would "escape" from his guard. In Belfast village, the cry was heard, "John L. is loose again! Send for Muldoon!" Muldoon would snatch the champ away from the bar and take him back to their training camp.
On July 4, 1889, one Kentucky newspaper stated: "The Sullivan-Kilrain prize fight which is to take place in Louisiana on next Monday is now the most talked-about event in sporting circles." The stakes were $20,000 and a diamond world championship belt.
On July 8, 1889, an estimated 3,000 spectators boarded special trains for the secret location, which turned out to be Richburg, a town just south of Hattiesburg, Mississippi. The fight began at 10:30, and at first it looked like Sullivan was going to lose. "The first fall and first blood were awarded to Kilrain, but the first knock-down was accomplished by Sullivan," reported one newspaper. "Kilrain failed to knock Sullivan down at all." Sullivan vomited during the 44th round. However, the champion got his second wind and was able to turn things around for himself. After a grueling beatdown, Kilrain's manager finally threw in the towel after the 75th round.
The Governor of Mississippi offered a $1,000 reward for each fighter.
Today, a historical marker is located at the site of the fight, just off Interstate 59, and the fight is immortalized by the Sullivan-Kilrain Road which runs through the site of the event, at the corner of Richburg Road.

Later career

Sullivan did not defend his title for the next three years. During this period, he was a friend and supporter of Irish boxer Ike Weir, who became America's first Featherweight boxing champion in 1889. Both Weir and Sullivan were Boston natives, and Sullivan occasionally appeared at Weir's bouts.
Sullivan agreed to defend his title in 1892 against challenger "Gentleman Jim" Corbett. The match was on September 7 in New Orleans. It began at 9 p.m. in the electrically illuminated Olympic Club in the upper Ninth Ward neighborhood now known as Bywater section. The venue filled to its 10,000-person capacity despite hefty ticket prices ranging from $5 to $15. The heavyweight contest occurred under the Marquess of Queensberry Rules, but it was neither the first title fight under those rules nor was it the first title fight using boxing gloves. Corbett was younger and faster, and his boxing technique enabled him to dodge Sullivan's crouch and rush style. In the 21st round, Corbett landed a smashing left "audible throughout the house" that put Sullivan down for good. Sullivan was counted out, and Corbett was then declared the new champion. When Sullivan was able to get back to his feet, he announced to the crowd the following: "If I had to get licked, I'm glad I was licked by an American".
In 1895, Sullivan and Paddy Ryan joined the touring company of the musical The Wicklow Postman, and presented exhibition boxing matches before performances of the play.
Sullivan is considered the last bare-knuckle champion because no champion after him fought bare-knuckled. However, Sullivan had fought with gloves under the Marquess of Queensberry Rules as early as 1880, and he only fought bare-knuckled three times in his entire career. His bare-knuckle image was created because his infrequent fights from 1888 up to the Corbett fight in 1892 had been bare-knucklers.
Sullivan retired to Abington, Massachusetts, but appeared in several exhibitions over the next 12 years, including a three-rounder against Tom Sharkey and a final two-rounder against Jim McCormick in 1905 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He continued his various careers outside boxing, such as being a stage actor, speaker, celebrity baseball umpire, sports reporter, and bar owner. In his later years, Sullivan also gave up his lifelong addiction to alcohol and became a prohibition lecturer.

Death

The effects of prize fighting along with his being overweight and unhealthy after a long life of overindulging in food and alcohol took their toll on the boxer. Like most boxers of the time, he did not live a very long life. Sullivan died at age 59 at his home in Abington, Massachusetts, supposedly from heart disease. At the time of his death, Sullivan had a young boy named Willie Kelly in his custody. The priest of Sullivan's church had brought Kelly, an orphan, to the front of the parish and encouraged anyone with the means to care for the boy to do so.
Sullivan is buried in the Old Calvary Cemetery in Roslindale, a neighborhood of Boston. He died with 10 dollars in his pocket. According to the county where Sullivan died he had an estate worth $3,675.

Legacy

Sullivan was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990, as a member of the hall's original class. He had a record of 47 wins, 1 loss and 2 draws, with 38 wins by knockout, though many sources disagree on his exact record.
The barn where Sullivan trained still stands in the small town of Belfast, New York, and is now the Bare Knuckle Boxing Hall of Fame.
In 1888 the sculptor Cyrus Dallin who was early in his career created a plaster sculpture of Sullivan in a boxing stance in his fighting attire.
Sullivan and Corbett's landmark 1892 fight is depicted in the 1942 Warner Brothers biopic Gentleman Jim, a fictionalized account of their relationship. Ward Bond portrayed Sullivan alternately as a fiery peacock of a heavyweight champion and, after his title loss, as a sweet, sentimental good sport. Sixteen years later, actor Roy Jenson played Sullivan in the 1958 episode, "The Gambler and the Lady", of the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story line, Sullivan in his tour of local communities across the country fights an exposition match against Buck Jarrico. When the prize money designated to refurbish the school goes missing, both the teacher, Ruth Stewart, and the gambler, Brad Forrester, are falsely accused based on appearances.
On their 2017 album Life Is Good, the band Flogging Molly made reference to Sullivan on the track 'The Hand of John L. Sullivan'.

Professional boxing record

No.ResultRecordOpponentTypeRound, timeDateLocationNotes
51Loss47–1–2 James J. CorbettKO21, 1:30Sep 7, 1892Olympic Club, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.Lost world heavyweight title ;
Marquess of Queensberry Rules
50Win47–0–2 Jake KilrainKO75 Jul 8, 1889Richburg, Mississippi, U.S.Won world bare-knuckle heavyweight title;
Won inaugural world heavyweight title ;
London Prize Ring Rules
49Draw46–0–2 Charley MitchellPTS39Mar 10, 1888Chantilly, Oise, FranceRetained world bare-knuckle heavyweight title claim;
London Prize Ring Rules
48Win46–0–1 William SamuellsTKO3 Jan 5, 1888Philharmonic Hall, Cardiff, Wales
47Draw45–0–1 Patsy CardiffPTS6Jan 18, 1887Washington Roller Rink, Minneapolis, Minnesota U.S.
46Win45–0 Paddy RyanKO3 Nov 13, 1886Mechanic's Pavilion San Francisco, California, U.S.
45Win44–0 Frank HeraldTD2 Sep 18, 1886Coliseum Rink, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.Agreement on a decision of police intervened
44Win43–0 Dominick McCaffreyPTS7 Aug 29, 1885Chester Driving Park, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.Won inaugural world heavyweight title;
Marquess of Queensberry Rules; accidentally fought a 7th round
43Win42–0 Jack BurkePTS5Jun 13, 1885Driving Park, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
4241–0 Paddy RyanNC1 Jan 19, 1885Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
41Win41–0Alf Greenfield4Jan 12, 1885Institute Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
40Win40–0Alf Greenfield2 Nov 18, 1884Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
39Win39–0John LaflinKO4 Nov 10, 1884New York City, New York, U.S.
38Win38–0Enos PhillipsKO4 0May 2, 1884Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
37Win37–0William FlemingKO1 May 1, 1884Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
36Win36–0Dan HenryKO1 Apr 29, 1884Hot Springs, Arkansas, U.S.
35Win35–0Al MarxKO1, 0:55Apr 10, 1884Grand Opera House, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
34Win34–0George M RobinsonDQ4 Mar 6, 1884Mechanic's Pavilion San Francisco, California, U.S.
33Win33–0BoiquetKO1 Feb 1884Victoria, British Columbia, U.S.
32Win32–0James LangKO1 Feb 6, 1884Seattle, Washington, U.S.
31Win31–0Sylvester Le GouriffKO1 Feb 1, 1884Astoria, Oregon, U.S.
30Win30–0Fred RobinsonKO2 Jan 12, 1884Butte, Montana, U.S.
29Win29–0Jeff TomkinsKO1 Jan 1884Butte, Montana, U.S.
28Win28–0Mike SheehanTKO1 Dec 4, 1883Davenport, Iowa, U.S.
27Win27–0Morris HefeyKO1 Nov 26, 1883Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.
26Win26–0Jim MilesTKO1 Nov 3, 1883East St. Louis, Illinois, U.S.
25Win25–0James McCoyTKO1 Oct 17, 1883McKeesport, Pennsylvania, U.S.
24Win24–0Herbert SladeTKO3 Aug 6, 1883Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
23Win23–0Charley MitchellTKO3 May 14, 1883Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
22Win22–0Harry GilmanKO3 Jan 25, 1883Toronto, Ontario, Canada
21Win21–0P J RentzlerTKO1 Nov 17, 1882Theatre Comique, Tacoma, Washington, U.S.
20Win20–0Charley O'DonnellKO1 Oct 30, 1882Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
19Win19–0S P StocktonKO2 Oct 16, 1882Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S.
18Win18–0Henry HigginsTKO3 Sep 23, 1882St. James Athletic Club, Buffalo, New York, U.S.
17Win17–0Joe CollinsPTS4Jul 17, 1882Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
16Win16–0Jimmy ElliottKO3 Jul 4, 1882Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
15Win15–0John McDermontTKO3 Apr 20, 1882Grand Opera House, Rochester, New Hampshire, U.S.
14Win14–0Paddy RyanRTD9 Feb 7, 1882Mississippi City, Mississippi, U.S.Won American bare-knuckle heavyweight title;
London Prize Ring Rules
13Win13–0Jack BurnsKO1 Sep 3, 1881Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
12Win12–0Captain James DaltonKO4 Aug 13, 1881Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
11Win12–0Dan McCartyKO1 Jul 21, 1881Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
10Win10–0Fred CrossleyKO1 Jul 11, 1881Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
9Win9–0John FloodKO8 May 16, 1881Yonkers, New York, U.S.
8Win8–0Steve TaylorTKO2 Mar 31, 1881Harry Hill's, New York City, New York, U.S.
7Win7–0Professor John Donaldson10 Dec 24, 1880Pacific Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.London Prize Ring Rules
6Win6–0George RookeKO3 Jun 28, 1879Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
5Win5–0John A. HoganPTS41879Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
4Win4–0Tommy ChandlerPTS41879Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
3Win3–0Dan Dwyer3 Jun 28, 1879Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
2Win2–0Johnny Cocky WoodsKO5 Mar 14, 1879Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
1Win1–0Jack Curley?, Mar 13, 1879Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.Fight to the finish;
Show began on the 13th. Fight began on the 14th at 1am

Screen portrayals