John I. Gallin


John Isaac Gallin was an American medical researcher who contributed to the understanding of innate immunity but especially chronic granulomatous disease, a phagocyte disorder.
Gallin was appointed director of the NIH Clinical Center on May 1, 1994, and served until January 8, 2017. He also served as the chief scientific officer for the Clinical Center and associate director for clinical research at the National Institutes of Health.

Education and career

Gallin was born on March 25, 1943, in New York City, His father was an attorney, and his mother was trained as a social worker, but then became a stay-at-home mom. He graduated from New Rochelle High School in New Rochelle, NY, in 1961. He graduated cum laude from Amherst College in 1965. He earned his M.D. from Cornell Medical College of Cornell University in 1969.
After a medical internship and residency at New York University’s Bellevue Hospital, in 1971 he began postdoctoral training in basic and clinical research in infectious diseases at the National Institutes of Health as a clinical associate in the Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Gallin returned to New York University's Bellevue Hospital as senior chief medical resident from 1974 to 1975, then came back to NIH.
In 1985, he was appointed scientific director for intramural research activities at the NIAID, a position he held for the next nine years. Gallin was the founding chief of NIAID's Laboratory of Host Defenses in 1991 and served as chief of the laboratory for 12 years. He continued as chief of the lab's clinical pathophysiology section in a new version of the lab called the Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology.
Gallin was the 10th director of the NIH Clinical Center, a position he held for 22 years, the longest serving director. The Clinical Center is the largest hospital focused solely on clinical research and serves the scientific and medical needs of 17 NIH institutes. In 2011, under Gallin's leadership, the Clinical Center was the only hospital to receive the Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Award.
In August 2016, Gallin was appointed to the newly created positions of NIH associate director for clinical research and chief scientific officer for the Clinical Center. These posts reported directly to the NIH Director and oversaw independent research programs, clinical research training and the scientific review process for all clinical protocols conducted at the NIH. On January 8, 2017, Gallin stepped down as the director of the NIH Clinical Center to focus full-time as the chief scientific officer of the Clinical Center and NIH associate director for clinical research.
Gallin served as Assistant Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service and retired from the USPHS as a rear admiral.
Gallin published or co-authored more than 355 articles in scientific journals and edited two textbooks: Inflammation, Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates and Principles and Practices of Clinical Research.

Medical research

Gallin's primary research interests were on the role of phagocytes, the body's scavenger cells in host defense. His research focused on rare hereditary immune disorders, and he identified the genetic basis of several diseases of the phagocytes.
The laboratory focused on neutrophil-specific granule deficiency, actin interacting protein deficiency and chronic granulomatous disease. When phagocytes fail to produce hydrogen peroxide and bleach, CGD results. The laboratory described the genetic basis for several forms of CGD and the research has reduced life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections in CGD patients. The laboratory discovered that when CGD patients get older they are protected from atherosclerosis, suggesting the abnormal enzyme in this disease might be a drugable target for normal people with disorders of inflammation such as atherosclerosis.

Achievements as NIH Clinical Center Director

During his tenure as director of the NIH Clinical Center, Gallin oversaw the design and construction of the Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center, an 870,000-square-foot research hospital added to the original structure. The CRC opened to patients in 2005.
Gallin also established a new curriculum for clinical research training that is now offered globally reaching over 20,000 students annually throughout the United States and in over 150 countries, and he supported development of new information systems for sharing biomedical translational and clinical research.
Gallin was key to establishing a Patient Advisory Group at the Clinical Center in 1998, one of the first for patients participating in clinical research. He, along with Clinical Center nurses, conceived and championed identifying resources from the NIH Foundation to construct the NIH Edmond J. Safra Family Lodge which opened in 2005.
Gallin stressed the importance of collaboration and helped open the Clinical Center and its depth of resources to the research community outside NIH.

Memberships

Gallin was a member of the National Academy of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, the Association of American Physicians, the American Society for Clinical Investigation, and the American College of Physicians. He was an elected member of the Royal College of Physicians-London.

Awards and honors

USPHS awards

Personal life

In 1966, Gallin married Elaine Klimerman Gallin, a scientist with whom he collaborated. They had two children: Alice Jennifer Gallin-Dwyer, trained as a lawyer and now working as the deputy director at the Washington Monthly and raising three children, and Michael Louis Gallin, an architect practicing outside New York City who has two children.

Selected publications

Books
  • Gallin, J. I., Ognibene, F.P., Johnson, L.L. New York, Academic Press 2018.
  • Gallin, J. I., Snyderman, R., Haynes B F., Nathan C., Fearon D.T. New York, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. 1999.
  • Metcalf, J. A., Gallin, J. I., Nauseef, W. M. and Root, R. K. New York, Raven Press, Ltd. 1986.
  • Gallin, J. I. and Quie, P. G. New York, Raven Press, Ltd. 1978.
Journal articles
*