Jembrana Regency


Jembrana Regency is a regency in the southwest of Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 841.8 km2 and had a population of 329,353 in 2024. It is bordered by Tabanan Regency to its east, Buleleng Regency to its east and north, and the Bali Strait to its west and the Indian Ocean to its south. Its regency seat is the town of Negara.

History

Based on archaeological evidence, it can be interpreted that settlements in Jembrana have existed since 6000 years ago. From a semiotic perspective, the origin of the name of a place or area refers to the names of fauna and flora. The emergence of the name Jembrana comes from the wilderness area inhabited by the snake king. The mythological nature of the naming of places has become a tradition through stories passed down from generation to generation among the population.
Based on folklore and oral traditions that emerged, inspiring the builders of traditional power institutions The King and his followers, namely the people from the Balinese Hindu ethnic group and from non-Balinese ethnic groups who are Muslim, have built a palace as a center of government named Puri Gede Jembrana in the early 17th century by I Gusti Made Yasa. The first king who ruled in the palace Gede Agung Jembrana was I Gusti Ngurah Jembrana. In addition to the palace, the people were also given followers, royal clothing equipped with heirlooms in the form of spears and tulup. Likewise, the heirloom keris named "Ki Tatas" to increase the authority of the kingdom. It is recorded that there were three kings who ruled in the center of government, namely in Puri Agung Jembrana.
Since the power of the kingdom was held by King Jembrana I Gusti Gede Seloka, a new Puri as the center of government was built. The palace that was built was named Puri Agung Negeri in the early 19th century which was later better known as Puri Agung Negara. It is worth noting that the kings who ruled in the Jembrana Kingdom later also centralized their government bureaucracy in Puri Agung Negara. It is also worth noting that there were two periods of government bureaucracy centered in Puri Agung Negara.
The first period was marked by the traditional royal government bureaucracy that lasted until 1855. It is recorded on the government archive document sheets of the Gubernemen that the autonomous Jembrana kingdom was occupied by King Jembrana V I Goesti Poetoe Ngoerah Djembrana. During his reign, a bilateral friendship agreement was signed between the royal government and the Dutch East Indies Colonial government on June 30, 1849.
The second period was then replaced by a modern bureaucracy, through regional governance which was part of the Banyuwangi Residency administrative area. The Regentschap regional government was headed by a native leader as an official included in the Modern Colonial Gubernemen bureaucratic structure centered in Batavia. The status of regional government lasted for 26 years.
During the Jembrana VI Kingdom, I Gusti Ngurah Made Pasekan experienced two status changes, namely 1855–1862 as King of Jembrana and 1862–1866 as Regent the seat of the kingdom was in Puri Pacekan Jembrana. When the reorganization of regional government was implemented based on Staatblad Number 123 of 1882, the administrative areas of Bali and Lombok were given the status of separate administrative areas of Residency. The Residency areas of Bali and Lombok were divided again into two regions, namely Afdeling Buleleng and Afdeling Jembrana based on Staatblad Number 124 of 1882 with one capital city, Singaraja.
Since then, the names of the capital city began: Singaraja for the Bali and Lombok Residency and its sub-districts in the Buleleng Afdeling, and Negara for the Jembrana Sub-district. The emergence of the names Jembrana and Negara until now, has its own meaning from a historical perspective. The inherited name has been in the pages of history since it was used as the name of the Puri, namely Puri Gede / Agung Jembrana and Puri Agung Negeri Negara. Because Puri is the center of the bureaucracy of the traditional kingdom government, it can be said that Jembrana and Negara are Puri built in the early 18th century and the early 19th century are types of Hindu-style royal cities.
Jembrana as a kingdom that also filled the pages of history of eight kingdoms in Bali. Since July 1, 1938, the Jembrana Region and also other afdeling regions in Bali were designated as autonomous regions each headed by a Zelfbestuurder.
The King in the Jembrana Swapraja and the Kings in other autonomous regions throughout Bali had previously declared their loyalty to the Government. Anak Agung Bagoes Negara held the reins of government in the Jembrana autonomous region continuously for 29 years despite changes in the state system. His leadership in Jembrana lasted the longest compared to the leadership held by previous officials.
During his leadership, two names, namely Jembrana with its capital Negara, were always etched in the history of the government in Jembrana, both in the period of the Japanese Occupation, the period of the Republic of Indonesia which only lasted a few months and when returning to the period of the form of the State of East Indonesia and when returning to the period of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.
It can be said that, since the title of "Bupati" who heads the government in the Jembrana Level II Region was first implemented in 1959 until now, the name "Negara" as the capital of the Jembrana Regency Region has been preserved.

Geography

Jembrana Regency is one of 9 Regencies and Cities in Bali Province. Jembrana Regency is located in the western part of the island of Bali, stretching from West to East at 8°09'30"–8°28'02" LS and 114°25'53"–114°56'38" BT. The total area of Jembrana Regency is 841.80 km2 or 84,180 Ha.

Borders

The boundaries of Jembrana Regency are as follows:

Northern

  • Buleleng Regency

    Southern

  • Indian Ocean

    Western

  • Bali Strait

    Eastern

  • Tabanan Regency

    Topography

The topographic conditions of the Jembrana Regency area include mountainous areas in the north and lowlands in the south bordering the Indonesian Ocean. The central part is an urban area. Based on the slope gradient, the Jembrana Regency area can be classified into four groups, namely:
  1. Areas with a slope gradient of 0–2%, spread across all sub-districts of Jembrana Regency, especially in Jembrana District and Negara District.
  2. Areas with a slope gradient of 2–15%, spread across almost all sub-districts in Jembrana Regency.
  3. Areas with a slope gradient of 15–40%, spread across almost all sub-districts in Jembrana Regency.
  4. Areas with a slope gradient of >40%, are the largest part of the total area of Jembrana Regency.
The northern part of Jembrana Regency has a mountainous morphology and physiography formed by the Penginuman mountain range, Mount Klatakan, Mount Bakungan, Mount Nyangkrut, Mount Sanggang and Mount Batas. The altitude varies between 250 and 700 m above sea level. Meanwhile, the southern part of Jembrana Regency has a relatively flat to undulating topography with altitudes ranging from 1–250 m above sea level.

Geology

Geologically, Jembrana Regency consists of volcanic rocks consisting of lava, breccia, tuff, which are estimated to be from the crater quaternary and plain areas, some of which are rice fields formed from rocks that are combined and called the Palasari Formation consisting of sandstone, conglomerate and reef limestone and are estimated to be from the quaternary, while for coastal areas in general alluvium deposits consisting of sand, silt, clay and gravel, which are found around the coastal areas in Pengambengan, Tegalbadeng, Perancak, Yeh Kuning, Mendoyo and on Gilimanuk beach.
The Jembrana Regency area is composed of five types of rocks, namely
  • Gamping Agung Formation
  • Jembrana Volcanic Rock
  • Palasari Formation
  • Alluvium Formation
  • Alluvium Sorga Formation
There are 17 mountains in Jembrana Regency, including inactive mountains. Of these, Melaya District has the most mountains, so the topography in Melaya District is hilly. Of the 17 mountains found in Jembrana Regency, it turns out that Mount Merbuk is the highest mountain in Jembrana Regency, located in Jembrana District, followed by Mount Mesehe in Mendoyo District, Mount Bangul in Negara District, and Mount Lesung in Mendoyo District.
The types of soil in Jembrana Regency consist of:
  1. Brown Latosol and Litosol Soil, This type of soil is spread across five areas of Jembrana Regency, the largest of which is in Mendoyo District, in Melaya District, Negara and Jembrana Districts, and Pekutatan District.
  2. Gray Brown Alluvial Soil, this type of soil is river sediment with an area of approximately 10,750 Ha, most of which are found in Negara District and Jembrana District.
  3. Gray Brown Regosol Soil, this type of soil is mostly found in Negara District and Jembrana District covering an area of 772 ha and in Mendoyo District covering an area of 648 ha. This soil is formed by an intermediate volcanic parent with a sloping to wavy shape.
  4. Alluvial Hydromorphic Soil, this type of soil is found in Negara District and Jembrana District, especially along the southern coast and around Pengambengan Village and Cupel Village. The area of this type of soil is approximately 1,420 Ha. This soil is land and sea sediment formed by sand plates and coral fragments.

    Climate

The air temperature in Jembrana Regency varies between 19°–33 °C, for hilly and mountainous areas the temperature can usually be less than 19 °C. The relative humidity level in this area also varies every month between 75%–81%. Jembrana Regency has a tropical monsoon climate with two seasons influenced by the movement of the monsoon winds, namely the rainy season influenced by the blowing of the humid and wet west monsoon winds and the dry season influenced by the dry and cold east-southeast monsoon winds. The dry season in the Jembrana region occurs in the period of May–September, which is the period when the east-southeast monsoon winds blow, and the peak of the dry season occurs in July. Meanwhile, the rainy season in Jembrana Regency occurs in the wet months of November–March and the peak of the rainy season occurs in January with a monthly rainfall of more than 290 mm per month. Annual rainfall in Jembrana Regency ranges from 1,300 to 1,900 mm per year with the number of rainy days ranging from 80 to 140 rainy days per year. In addition to these two seasons, there is also a transitional season which is the transition season between the rainy season and the dry season or vice versa and this season occurs in the months of April and October.