Jean Grey
Jean Grey is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in The X-Men #1. Jean Grey is a member of a subspecies of humans known as mutants—individuals born with superhuman abilities—with Jean possessing psionic powers. Initially capable of using only telekinesis, she later developed the power of telepathy. During her early stint with the X-Men, she used the codename Marvel Girl.
Jean is a caring, nurturing figure, but she also has to deal with being an Omega-level mutant and the physical manifestation of the cosmic Phoenix Force. Jean first experienced a transformation into Phoenix in the X-Men storyline "The Dark Phoenix Saga". Due to Mastermind's manipulations, Jean's psyche was twisted and she became Dark Phoenix during "The Dark Phoenix Saga", before sacrificing herself to prevent any further chaos. After her presumed death, Jean would return and resume her relationship with Cyclops, whom she married. Following her return, Jean fostered relationships with Rachel Summers, her daughter from an alternate future, and Cable, the son of Cyclops and Jean's clone Madelyne Pryor.
After Jean died a second time, Beast brought a younger time-displaced version of Jean into the present, alongside the rest of her original teammates. Eventually, Jean would be resurrected by the Phoenix Force once more, choosing to part ways with it and live her own life separately from it. Following her return, Jean briefly assumed leadership of the X-Men's Red Team, until the "Krakoan Age". Resuming her relationship with Cyclops following his resurrection, Jean would reconnect with the Phoenix Force, and choose to leave the X-Men to travel in space.
Jean's exact relationship to the Phoenix Force has often been changed throughout the character's history, as has her involvement in the events of "The Dark Phoenix Saga". Usually depicted as the Phoenix Force's favorite and most compatible host, storylines in 2024 revealed that Jean is actually the human manifestation of the Phoenix Force and its mother. Her connection to the Phoenix Force has often resulted in clashes with the Shi'ar empire, responsible for the massacre of most of her family members.
Often listed as one of the most notable and powerful female characters in Marvel Comics, the character has been featured in various Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise. Famke Janssen portrayed the character as an adult in the 20th Century Fox X-Men films, while Sophie Turner portrayed her as a teenager and young adult.
Publication history
1960s
Jean Grey debuted under the code name Marvel Girl in The X-Men #1, created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby. In the initial issue, Grey is introduced along with Cyclops, Beast, Iceman, and Warren Worthington III, as the students of Professor X, who battle Magneto. The original team's sole female member, Marvel Girl was a regular part of the team through the series' publication. The masculine characters often express their attraction to Marvel Girl. Initially possessing the ability of telekinesis, the character was later granted the power of telepathy, which would be retconned years later as a suppressed mutant ability. Later issues of X-Men of the mid-1960s written by Roy Thomas emphasize the subplot of the "melodramatic unrequited romance" between Scott Summers and Jean Grey.1970s
In the early 1970s, X-Men only reprinted earlier issues. It was revived in 1975 by Len Wein and Dave Cockrum, creating a new international group. Chris Claremont became the primary writer of the series with issue #94 and continued for the next sixteen years. Under the authorship of Claremont and the artwork of first Cockrum and then John Byrne in the late 1970s, Jean Grey underwent a significant transformation from the X-Men's weakest member to its most powerful.The first comic Claremont saw at Marvel after coming there in 1969 was the first X-Men issue penciled by Neal Adams, whose portrayal led him to become enamored of Jean Grey. But when he started to write X-Men in issue 94, the first issue after the creation of the new team in Giant-Size X-Men 1, Len Wein had already decided that she was leaving the team. Claremont reintroduced the character in issue 97, when he became the sole writer of the title, and upgraded her powers significantly.
Cyclops and Jean Grey have a complex relationship, with Cyclops sometimes competing with Wolverine for her attention. In X-Men #98, Scott and Jean solidify their relationship when she initiates their first kiss. When Jean Grey becomes the Phoenix, Cyclops expresses fear and insecurity regarding her extraordinary power level. The storyline in which Jean Grey died as Marvel Girl and was reborn as Phoenix has been retroactively dubbed by fans "The Phoenix Saga".
1980s
The storyline of Jean Grey's eventual corruption and death as Dark Phoenix has been termed "The Dark Phoenix Saga". During this storyline, Cyclops engages in competition with Mastermind for the affections and destiny of Grey, with Wyngarde attempting to corrupt her. Grey appears to die at the conclusion of the story. This storyline, including Jean Grey's suicidal sacrifice, is one of the most well-known and heavily referenced in mainstream American superhero comics, and is widely considered a classic.When the first trade paperback of "The Dark Phoenix Saga" was published in 1984, Marvel also published a 48-page special issue titled Phoenix: The Untold Story. It contained the original version of The Uncanny X-Men #137, the original splash page for The Uncanny X-Men #138 and transcripts of a roundtable discussion between Shooter, Claremont, Byrne, editors Jim Salicrup and Louise Jones, and inker Terry Austin. The discussion was about the creation of the new Phoenix persona, the development of the story, and what led to its eventual change, and Claremont and Byrne's plans for Jean Grey, had she survived.
Chris Claremont, the longest-running writer of the X-Men comics, revealed that his and Cockrum's motivation for Jean Grey's transformation into Phoenix was to create "the first female cosmic hero". The two hoped that, like Thor had been integrated into The Avengers lineup, Phoenix would also become an effective and immensely powerful member of the X-Men. However, both Salicrup and Byrne had strong feelings against how powerful Phoenix had become, feeling that she drew too much focus in the book. Byrne worked with Claremont to effectively remove Phoenix from the storyline, initially by removing her powers. However, Byrne's decision to have Dark Phoenix destroy an inhabited planetary system in The Uncanny X-Men #135, coupled with the planned ending to the story arc, worried then-Editor-in-Chief Jim Shooter, who felt that allowing Jean to live at the conclusion of the story was both morally unacceptable and also an unsatisfying ending from a storytelling point of view. Shooter publicly laid out his reasoning in the 1984 roundtable:
I personally think, and I've said this many times, that having a character destroy an inhabited world with billions of people, wipe out a starship and then—well, you know, having the powers removed and being let go on Earth. It seems to me that that's the same as capturing Hitler alive and letting him go live on Long Island. Now, I don't think the story would end there. I think a lot of people would come to his door with machine guns...
One of the creative team's questions that affected the story's conclusion was whether the Phoenix's personality and later descent into madness and evil were inherent to Jean Grey or if the Phoenix was itself an entity merely possessing her. The relationship between Jean Grey and the Phoenix would continue to be subject to different interpretations and explanations by writers and editors at Marvel Comics following the story's retcon in 1986. At the time of the Dark Phoenix's creation, Byrne felt that, "If someone could be seen to corrupt Jean, rather than her just turning bad, this could make for an interesting story." Salicrup and Byrne stated later that they viewed Phoenix as an entity that entirely possessed Jean Grey, therefore absolving her of its crimes once it was driven out. However, the creative and editorial team ultimately agreed that Phoenix had been depicted as an inherent and inseparable aspect of Jean Grey, meaning that the character was fully responsible for her actions as Phoenix. As a result, Shooter ordered that Claremont and Byrne rewrite issue #137 to explicitly place in the story both a consequence and an ending commensurate with the enormity of Phoenix's actions. In a 2012 public signing, Claremont spoke about the context of the late 1970s and the end of the Vietnam War during the story's writing, stating that the history of these events also made Jean Grey's genocidal actions difficult to redeem.
In the original ending, Jean does not revert to Dark Phoenix, and the Shi'ar subject her to a "psychic lobotomy", permanently removing all her telepathic or telekinetic powers. Claremont and Byrne planned to later have Magneto offer Jean the chance to restore her abilities, but Jean choosing to remain depowered and eliminate the threat of Dark Phoenix returning to power.
File:Xfactor1undecided.jpg|right|thumb|150px|The unfinished cover for X-Factor#1, before Bob Layton and Jackson Guice decided on the fifth team member. Art by Jackson Guice.
After several years, Marvel decided to revive the character, but only after an editorial decree that the character be absolved of her actions during The Dark Phoenix Saga. Writer Kurt Busiek is credited with devising the plot to revive Jean Grey. Busiek, a fan of the original five X-Men, was displeased with the character's death and formulated various storylines that would have met Shooter's rule and allowed the character to return to the X-Men franchise. He eventually shared his storyline idea with fellow writer Roger Stern who mentioned it to Byrne, who was both writing and illustrating the Fantastic Four at the time. Both series writer Bob Layton and artist Jackson Guice, who were developing the series X-Factor—a team of former X-Men—had yet to settle on their fifth team member, initially considering Dazzler. Layton opted to fill the open spot with Jean instead, and both he and Byrne submitted the idea to Shooter, who approved it. Jean Grey's revival became a crossover plotline between the Avengers under Stern, Fantastic Four under Byrne, and X-Factor under Layton.
Busiek later found out that his idea had been used thanks to Layton, and he was credited in Fantastic Four #286 and paid for his contributions. The decision to revive Jean Grey was controversial among fans, with some appreciating the return of the character and others feeling it weakened the impact of the Dark Phoenix Saga's ending. Busiek maintained that the idea that led to Jean Grey's official return to Marvel Comics was merely a case of sharing his ideas with friends as a fan, and that he neither formally pitched the idea to anyone nor gave it the final go ahead. Claremont expressed dissatisfaction with the retcon, stating in 2012: "We'd just gone to all the effort of saying, 'Jean is dead, get over it,' and they said, 'Haha, we fibbed.' So why should anyone trust us again? But that's the difference between being the writer and being the boss." In a 2008 interview Byrne said he still felt Busiek's method of reviving Jean Grey was "brilliant", but agreed that in retrospect the character should have remained dead.
In the comics, having been fully established as separate from the "Jean Grey" copy created and taken over by the Phoenix Force, Jean is "absolved" of involvement in the atrocities of "The Dark Phoenix" storyline, and she returned in the first issue of X-Factor.
The Uncanny X-Men #141 introduces Rachel Summers, the daughter of Cyclops and Jean Grey from the alternate timeline of the Days of Future Past. She joins the X-Men in a storyline concluding in issue #199. In Uncanny X-Men #168, Cyclops meets Madelyne Pryor, a woman who is mysteriously identical to Jean Grey. He eventually marries and fathers a child with her. Claremont later commented on how Jean's revival affected his original plans for Madelyne Pryor, stating that the relationship between the two women was intended to be entirely coincidental. He intended Madelyne only to look like Jean by coincidence and exist as a means for Cyclops to move on with his life and be written out of the X-Men franchise, part of what he believed to be a natural progression for any member of the team. However, Marvel's editors decided that he should appear in a new series. This new series, X-Factor, launched in 1986 and starred the original X-Men team. Cyclops leaves his wife and child behind to lead the reunited original X-Men, under the X-Factor name. Claremont expressed dismay that Jean's resurrection ultimately resulted in Cyclops abandoning his wife and child, tarnishing his written persona as a hero and "decent human being".
For X-Factor, writer Bob Layton was partly inspired by the film Ghostbusters; the X-Factor team advertised themselves as mutant hunters, but worked to rehabilitate and educate the mutants they discovered. Layton left the title after five issues and was replaced by Louise Simonson, who introduced the new villain Apocalypse, first appearing in X-Factor #6. Soon after the beginning publication of X-Factor, Marvel also reprinted and released the original X-Men series under the title Classic X-Men. These reissues paired the original stories with new vignettes, elaborating on plot points. One such issue, Classic X-Men #8, paired the original The X-Men #100 story of Jean Grey's disastrous return flight from space immediately preceding her transformation into Phoenix with the new story "Phoenix". The story further supported the retcon establishing Jean Grey and the Phoenix Force as two separate entities.
Mister Sinister, a geneticist who sometimes works with Apocalypse, first appears in Uncanny X-Men #221. Pryor is eventually revealed to be a clone of Jean Grey created by Mister Sinister, who has been meddling with the Summers family for decades. She displays mutant powers and becomes a villain named the Goblin Queen, seeking revenge for being jilted. Following the conclusion of Inferno, Jean continued to be a mainstay character throughout the rest of X-Factor. In a later story, Scott's son with Madelyne Pryor, Nathan, is infected with a techno-organic virus. Rachel Summers brings him to the future to be saved.