James Farley
James Aloysius Farley was an American politician who simultaneously served as chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee, chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and postmaster general under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose gubernatorial and presidential campaigns were run by Farley.
Born and raised in Rockland County, New York, Farley entered politics at a young age and quickly rose to run the Rockland County Democratic Party. After short stints campaigning for governor Al Smith and serving in the state legislature, he befriended Roosevelt and worked to build an effective Democratic machine across the entire state. Following Roosevelt's victories in the gubernatorial elections of 1928 and 1930, he ran Roosevelt's 1932 and 1936 presidential campaigns. His campaign style was meticulous and involved massive amounts of correspondence with individual party members to gather information and coordinate strategy. The 1936 campaign, where he correctly predicted the outcome in every state, earned him particular recognition.
Working as the chairman of the Democratic national committee and postmaster general, Farley worked to settle factional disputes within the party during Roosevelt's first term, using his massive network of personal connections and patronage. Farley found himself in a transitional period in party politics, as Roosevelt and the New Deal coalition moved from a traditional party system built on local organizations and patronage to a national party system where parties campaigned on specific issues and relied on the support of auxiliary organizations. In Roosevelt's second term, Farley found himself sidelined by Roosevelt, and broke with the president over his attempts to influence Congressional primary elections in favor of pro-New Deal candidates. Farley mounted a failed campaign for president to prevent Roosevelt from winning a third term in 1940.
Following his defeat, Farley was hired by the Coca-Cola Export Corporation, where he worked to promote international sales from 1940 to 1973. He also remained active in New York politics and served on the Hoover Commission from 1953 to 1956.
Early life
Farley was born on May 30, 1888, in Grassy Point, New York, to James Farley Sr. and Ellen Farley. All four of his grandparents had immigrated to the United States from Ireland in the 1840s. James Farley Sr. was involved in the brick-making industry, first as a laborer and later as a part-owner of three schooners engaged in the brick-carrying trade.James Farley Sr. died in an accident with a horse in January 1898. After the sudden death, Farley helped his mother tend a bar and grocery store that she purchased to support the family. After graduating from high school, he attended Packard Business College in New York City to study bookkeeping and other business skills. After his graduation, he was employed by the United States Gypsum Corporation.
Early political career
Farley made his entry into politics in 1908, working for Alex Sutherland during his unsuccessful campaign to become town clerk of Stony Point. In 1910, Farley ran for the office of town clerk himself and won. Despite Stony Point's Republican leanings, Farley was reelected twice. He was elected chairman of the Rockland County Democratic Party in 1918. That same year, he campaigned for Al Smith to become Governor of New York and befriended many politicians in Tammany Hall, although he would repeatedly fail to enter Smith's inner circle of advisors. Smith appointed Farley to be a Port Warden of New York City between 1918 and 1919. Farley married the former Elizabeth A. Finnegan in April 1920. They had two daughters, Elizabeth and Ann, and one son, James A. Farley Jr.Farley ran for the New York State Assembly in 1922 and won in Rockland County, normally a solid Republican stronghold. He sat in the 146th New York State Legislature in 1923, where he introduced 33 bills, 19 of which passed. He lost his seat at the next election. Farley blamed the loss on his vote for the repeal of the Mullan–Gage Act, the state law to enforce Prohibition, while other biographers attributed the loss to his associations with Tammany Hall.
Farley was appointed to the New York State Athletic Commission by Governor Smith with the support of Tammany boss Charles F. Murphy and Jimmy Walker. He soon became chairman of the commission and held the title until he joined the Roosevelt administration in 1933. In 1926, Farley threatened to resign his post as Athletic Commissioner if boxing champion Jack Dempsey did not fight the mandatory challenger, African-American fighter Harry Wills. Farley banned Dempsey from fighting Gene Tunney and publicly threatened to revoke Tex Rickard's Madison Square Garden license if he ignored the ruling of the commission. The intervention was popular with African Americans who viewed Dempsey's decision as a form of discrimination. Farley was also accused of purchasing thousands of tickets to boxing matches to give away as favors. During his time on the commission, Farley continued work his business interests. His company merged with five other building contractors to form the General Builders Supply Corporation, which Farley served as president of from 1929 to 1933.
Roosevelt's campaign manager
Farley served as a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention, where he befriended Franklin D. Roosevelt, who would give his famous "Happy Warrior" speech for Smith. In 1928, Smith became the Democratic nominee in the presidential election, and Roosevelt ran for governor to replace Smith. Farley was chosen as the secretary for the New York State Democratic Committee that summer, and launched a letter-writing campaign to the state's county organizations to support Roosevelt. Although Smith failed to win New York in the presidential election, Roosevelt was successfully elected governor, due to stronger support in upstate New York.In 1929, Farley toured the state to gather information on the state of each county party organization, which he compiled in a report to Roosevelt. He recommended that the Democrats involve more women in party affairs to better appeal to women voters and distribute patronage more fairly to the various counties, a principle he labeled "proper consideration". He also encouraged county organizations to replace ineffective chairmen and establish full committees covering every precinct in their counties. Farley replaced William Bray as chairman of the New York Democratic Party in 1930. That year, Roosevelt was reelected with a massive majority, sweeping 42 of the 57 counties in upstate New York. The day after the election, Farley announced: "We have elected as Governor the man who will be the next President of the United States."
After the success in 1930, Roosevelt turned his attention to running in the 1932 presidential election. Knowing that Al Smith would compete with him for the northeastern delegates at the Democratic convention, Roosevelt sought the support from other regions. Farley toured the western United States in 1931 to determine the willingness of western Democrats to support Roosevelt, claiming that he was merely traveling to an Elks convention in Seattle, a disguise which fooled few. Although his efforts to build support for Roosevelt among urban machines in the northeast and midwest failed, Farley became familiar with members of the Texas delegation. He used his connections to secure Roosevelt's nomination on the fourth ballot at the 1932 Democratic National Convention by offering to make Texan leader John Nance Garner the running mate. For his previous work, Farley was elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee and chosen by Roosevelt to be his campaign manager.
During the 1932 presidential election, Farley befriended Indiana journalist Claude G. Bowers, whom Roosevelt had also recruited to work for the campaign. After Roosevelt's victory, Bowers was appointed as the United States Ambassador to Spain with Farley's recommendation. The two would continue a correspondence during Roosevelt's presidency to keep each other informed on domestic and foreign developments, and Bowers would write many speeches for Farley.
Farley's role as Roosevelt's campaign manager continued in the 1936 presidential election. Ahead of the 1936 Democratic National Convention, Farley lobbied the rest of the party to repeal the convention rule requiring a two-thirds majority for presidential nominees. He continued his systematic approach to campaigning and maintained a massive correspondence list with party officials across the country, monitoring the situation on the ground and providing advice based on his experience in New York. The election marked the high point of Farley's political career when he correctly predicted that Roosevelt would win all but two states, Maine and Vermont.
Postmaster general
Following Roosevelt's election as president, Farley was appointed postmaster general, a cabinet position which oversaw patronage for over 100,000 civil service-exempt jobs. Farley used his position effectively to mediate disputes between different factions during Roosevelt's first term and avoided any major scandals around appointments. However, Farley was frustrated by competition from cabinet secretaries for control of appointments to various New Deal programs, and disagreed with Roosevelt and other cabinet secretaries on who to reward with patronage, believing that partisan loyalty mattered more than ideological alignment with the New Deal. At Roosevelt's direction, Farley did not lend any support to the Tammany machine, now opposed to Roosevelt, in New York City's mayoral election in 1933, enabling Fiorello La Guardia, a Republican who supported the New Deal, to be elected mayor, and did not intervene against the Wisconsin Progressive Party or Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party, both of which supported the New Deal, in the 1934 midterm elections. Some patronage was diverted to progressive Republican Hiram Johnson and to Wisconsin Progressive Robert M. La Follette Jr. over objections from Democrats.Farley's role is remembered among stamp collectors for two things. One is a series of souvenir sheets that were issued at commemorative events and bore his name as the authorizer. The other is the 20 stamps, known as "Farley's Follies", which were reprints, mostly imperforate and ungummed, of stamps of the period: Farley bought them at face value, out of his own pocket, and gave them to Roosevelt and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes, both collectors, and to members of his family and special friends of the Administration. Unfortunately, some of them reached the market, offered at the high prices commanded by rarities. When ordinary stamp collectors learned of that, they lodged strenuous protests, newspaper editorials leveled charges of corruption, and a heated Congressional investigation ensued. Finally, in 1935 many more of the unfinished stamps were produced and made generally available to collectors at their face value.
During Roosevelt's second term, Farley's close relationship with the president deteriorated. Roosevelt began making decisions without consulting Farley, instead relying on advisors Harry Hopkins and Thomas Corcoran to fill his role, and damaged Farley's relationships with members of Congress by introducing his court-packing plan and intervening in the Senate leadership election following Joseph T. Robinson's death. In 1938, Roosevelt intervened in congressional primaries by endorsing progressive candidates over conservatives, infuriating Farley. A split between the two was rumored in the press that summer.
In 1940 Farley authorized the first postage stamp featuring the likeness of an African American, Booker T. Washington. This effort was spearheaded by Eleanor Roosevelt as well as others. The first Booker T. Washington stamp was sold by Farley to George Washington Carver at the Tuskegee Institute on April 7, 1940. Farley also appeared as a featured speaker at the American Negro Exposition in Chicago in 1940 to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the end of slavery in the United States at the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865.