Jacques Berthieu
Jacques Berthieu, SJ was a French Jesuit priest and missionary in Madagascar. He was murdered during the Menalamba rebellion of 1896. He is the first martyr of Madagascar to be beatified. He was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012.
Biography
Jacques Berthieu was born on 27 November 1838 in the area of Montlogis, in Polminhac, in the Auvergne in central France, the son of deeply Christian farmers of modest means. His childhood was spent working and studying, surrounded by his family. The early death of an older sister left him the oldest of six children. He studied at the seminary of Saint-Flour and was ordained to the priesthood for the diocese on 21 May 1864. His bishop, de Pompignac, named him vicar in Roannes-Saint-Mary, where he replaced an ill and aged priest. He served as a diocesan priest for nine years.Because of his desire to evangelize distant lands, and to ground his spiritual life in the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius of Loyola, he sought admission to the Society of Jesus and entered the novitiate in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, on 31 October 1873, at the age of almost thirty-five.
Mission
He sailed from the port of Marseille in 1875 to two islands in the vicinity of Madagascar that were then under French jurisdiction, Réunion and Sainte-Marie, where he studied Malagasy and prepared himself for the mission. The beginnings of his missionary life were not easy for this 37-year-old Jesuit. Climate, language, and culture were all totally new things which made him exclaim, "My uselessness and my spiritual misery serve to humiliate me, but not to discourage me. I await the hour when I can do something, with the grace of God". Mindful of his farming background, he was happy to cultivate the kitchen garden that supplied the station. He and two other Jesuits and the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny formed a missionary team. There he was engaged in pastoral work for five years, until March 1880.Madagascar
In 1881, French legislation closed French territories to Jesuits, a measure which compelled Berthieu to relocate to the large island of Madagascar, an independent kingdom at that time. He went first to Toamasina and then to Antananarivo until his superiors sent him to the far-off mission of Ambohimandroso, near Betsileo.The outbreak of the first French-Malagasy war in 1883 forced him to move again. From 1886 on, he supervised the mission of Ambositra, 250 km south of Antananarivo. After a stay in Ambositra of five years, he went to Andrainarivo in 1891. This post was northeast of the capital and had 18 mission-stations to look after, situated in the most remote and inaccessible places.
Insurrection of 1896
France captured the royal palaces in September 1894 and declared Madagascar its possession, sparking the Menalamba ("red shawl") revolt against European influence. Europeans and Malagasy Christians were targeted by organized and armed Hova units. Berthieu sought to place the Christians under the protection of French troops. Deprived of this protection by a French colonel whom Berthieu had chastised for his behavior with the women of the country, Berthieu led a convoy of Christians towards Antananarivo and stopped in the village of Ambohibemasoandro. On 8 June 1896 Menalamba fighters entered the village and found Berthieu hiding in the house of a Protestant friend. They seized him and stripped him of his cassock. One of them snatched his crucifix from him, saying: "Is this your amulet? Is it thus that you mislead the people? Will you continue to pray for a long time?" He responded: "I have to pray until I die." One of them then struck Berthieu's forehead with a machete; Berthieu fell to his knees, bleeding profusely. The Menalamba then led him away for what would be a long trek.After about a ten-kilometer march, they reached the village of Ambohitra where the church Berthieu had built was located. One of his captors objected that it would not be possible for Berthieu to enter the camp because his presence would desecrate the nearby sampy, the idols held sacred by traditional communities at that time. They threw a stone at him three times, and the third time Berthieu fell prostrate. Not far from the village, since Berthieu was sweating, a Menalamba took Berthieu's handkerchief, soaked it in mud and dirty water, and tied it around Berthieu's head, as they jeered at him, shouting: "Behold the king of the Vazaha ". Some then went on to emasculate him, which resulted in a fresh loss of blood that further exhausted him.