Jakarta metropolitan area


The Jakarta metropolitan area or Greater Jakarta, known locally as Jabodetabek, is the most populous megapolitan area in Indonesia. It includes the national capital as well as five satellite cities and three complete regencies.
The original term "Jabotabek" dated from the late 1970s and was revised to "Jabodetabek" in 1999 when "De" was inserted into the name following its formation. Another less commonly known acronym for this region is Jabodetabekpunjur which includes Puncak region of Bogor Regency and portions of Cianjur Regency. The term "Jabodetabekjur" or "Jabodetabekpunjur" was legalised on the Presidential Regulation Number 54 of 2008, and then the name "Jabodetabekpunjur" became officially used; however, this extension to include part of Cianjur Regency is not included in the figures below.
The area comprises the Special Capital Region of Jakarta and parts of West Java and Banten provinces, specifically the three regencies - Bekasi Regency and Bogor Regency in West Java, and Tangerang Regency in Banten. The area also includes the independent cities of Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang, all of which are not included administratively in the regencies.
The population of the Jakarta metropolitan area, with an area of, was 31.24 million according to the Indonesian 2020 Census, making it the most populous region in Indonesia, as well as the most populous urban area in the world. The Jakarta metropolitan area's share of the national population increased from 6.1% in 1961 to 11.26% in 2010. The population grew further to 32.3 million according to the official mid 2024 Estimates.
The region is the centre of government, culture, education, and economy of Indonesia. It has pulled many people from throughout Indonesia to come, live and work. Its economic power makes Jakarta metropolitan area the country's premier centre for finance, manufacturing and commerce. According to 2019 data, the area had a gross domestic product of US$297.7 billion with a per capita GDP of $8,775, and a purchasing power parity of $978.5 billion with a per capita PPP of $28,840, equal to 26.2% of economy of Indonesia.

History

The region was established in 1976 through Presidential Instruction No. 13 in response to the needs to sustain the growing population of the capital city. Indonesia's government established the Jabotabek Cooperation Body of the joint secretariat of Government of DKI Jakarta and West Java province.

Greater Jakarta

The generic term Greater Jakarta refers to the urban region surrounding Jakarta, and it is not specific to any official or administrative designations. On the contrary, depending on context, it may refer to the built-up area around Jakarta.

Demographics

Among the inhabitants, approximately 10.68 million lived in Jakarta Special Capital Region according to the mid-2024 official estimates; about 9.24 million in the five cities of Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang; and about 12.33 million in the three regencies. The proportion of the core city's population to that of the entire metropolitan area also declined significantly. In mid 2024, the population of Jakarta was only 33.1% of the total population of the Jakarta metropolitan area, continuing the decline from 54.6% in 1990 to 43.2% in 2000 and 35.5% in 2010. Furthermore, there has been a shift of arrival-destination for incoming migrants from Jakarta to other cities in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Today, about 20% of Indonesia's urban population is concentrated in the Jakarta metropolitan area.
Sources:
  • Census final 2010; Census final 2020; and official estimate as at mid 2024. / Badan Pusat Statistik - Indonesia.
  • Indonesia: Table of all administrative divisions/ Citypopulation.de
  • Kemendagri 2022 June . Note the pandemic had a skewing effects on Census 2020 data compared with prior year estimates, in favor of satellite cities, while post-pandemic data indicated a flood back into central cities, but by 2024 this effect was reversed. This effect was repeated for Bandung, Surabaya, Palembang, and Medan.

    Economy

ProvinceGDP GDP
Jakarta

Transportation

The region is partly defined by the areas from which people commute into the city. All municipality and regencies have access to toll road and rail service. At present public transport in Greater Jakarta consists of TransJakarta BRT, KRL Commuterline commuter rail, Jakarta LRT, Soekarno–Hatta Airport Commuter Line, Jakarta MRT and Jabodebek LRT. Jakarta LRT began operation by late 2019, and Jabodebek LRT began operation by 28 August 2023.

Aviation

The Jakarta metropolitan area has two major airports, Soekarno Hatta International Airport, commonly known as Cengkareng Airport and Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport. Pondok Cabe Airport in South Tangerang, owned by the state oil company Pertamina, is used for civilian and military airport.

Rail

The Jakarta metropolitan area is served by KRL Commuterline, a 418 km commuter train comprising five lines and over 80 stations across the area, plus Lebak Regency in Banten.
Urban rail systems in Jakarta include rapid transit system Jakarta MRT, and light rail system Jakarta LRT, and light rapid transit system Jabodebek LRT. Before Jakarta MRT was opened in 2019, the Jakarta metropolitan area was the world's largest metropolitan areas without a grade-separated rapid transit system.
Rail connection to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport is served by Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link and Soekarno–Hatta Airport Skytrain inside the airport complex.

Bus

The Transjakarta bus rapid transit service was developed throughout Jakarta and currently has 14 active corridors and a further five in planning. The system connects Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, and Tangerang with four routes connecting Jakarta with Bekasi vice versa, namely Summarecon Bekasi - Cawang, East Bekasi - Cawang, Vida Bekasi ‐ Cawang Sentral via Jatiasih, and East Bekasi - Dukuh Atas via Becakayu Toll Road. While for Depok, four routes are currently active: UI - Manggarai, UI - Lebak Bulus, Terminal Depok - Cawang Sentral via the Cijago toll road, and Sawangan - Lebak Bulus via Desari toll road. In addition to the main corridors, the feeder buses of Transjakarta serves commuters from satellite cities, such as Bumi Serpong Damai, Bintaro Jaya, and Alam Sutera, as well as Pantai Indah Kapuk 2 and Bogor.

High Speed Rail

Indonesia operates a single high-speed rail service between the country's two largest cities, Jakarta and Bandung, branded Whoosh. It is operated by Kereta Cepat Indonesia China.
Whoosh is the first high-speed railway in Southeast Asia, and the Southern Hemisphere and covers a distance of with an operating speed of, and design speed of KCIC400AF train of,
making it the second fastest commercially operating railway network in the world.
The travel time between the two cities averages 45 minutes, down from three hours before its opening. Whoosh cost $7.3 billion to build.
The line began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023, and commercial operations on 17 October 2023. The Whoosh high speed train served 1 million passengers during 2 months of commercial operation from 17 October to 25 December 2023.