Isa ibn Mazyad al-Aswad

Isa ibn Mazyad al-Aswad was the first ruler of the oasis town of Sijilmasa, in what is now southeastern Morocco.
According to the traditional account, as narrated by the medieval sources, Sijilmasa was founded in 757/58 by a community of 40 Sufri Kharijites, led by the Berber Samgu ibn Wasul al-Miknasi. The establishment of the town was part of a larger westward movement of Sufri Kharijites in the Maghreb, fleeing the westward expansion of Abbasid power in Ifriqiya, and the establishment of the rival Ibadi Kharijite Rustamid emirate of Tahert.
Somewhat surprisingly, as Charles Pellat comments, the community chose Isa, who was reportedly the son of a black African convert to Islam, as their leader. Due to unspecified offensive actions, he was deposed by his subjects in 772, who left him to die, tied to a tree and exposed to the mosquitoes. He was succeeded by Samgu. Modern historians have suggested this episode as the result of ethnic or tribal rivalries, namely, that the election of Isa was due to an initial predominance of black Africans in the region, and his deposition and replacement as the result of the growth of the Kharijite Berber population over time.