Irish conjugation
In the Irish language, verb forms are constructed either "synthetically" or "analytically":
Synthetic forms express the information about person and number in the ending: e.g., molaim "I praise", where the ending -aim stands for "first person singular present". In this case, a pronoun is not allowed: *molaim mé is ungrammatical. Molann mé is allowed but using the -aim ending is more common.
Analytic forms are those whose endings contain no information about person and number, and a pronoun is necessary: e.g., molann sibh "you praise", where the ending -ann expresses only the present tense, and the pronoun sibh "you" must accompany it in order to express "second person plural".
In addition to the three persons, Irish also has an impersonal form, which is used in forming the passive and can conveniently be translated with "one" or "someone" as the subject. Shown below are the distribution of synthetic and analytic forms in the standard language; in the dialects, other patterns may be found, although some of the most important distinctions made in certain dialects are pointed out in this article.
See Irish orthography for the pronunciation of verb endings.
Regular verbs
There are two conjugation classes of regular verbs, as illustrated below. Forms in italics are not part of the standard language.The suffixes shown change to agree with the word ending in a velarised consonant or palatalised consonant. In the examples below, verbs ending with "broad" consonants are shown above those ending with "slender" consonants.
In the imperfect, preterite, and conditional, a consonant-initial stem undergoes lenition, while a vowel-initial stem is prefixed by d’. A stem beginning with + a vowel takes both, e.g. fan "wait", d'fhan sé "he waited". The preterite impersonal, e.g. fanadh "one waited", neither undergoes lenition nor receives d'. The -- in future and conditional stems is pronounced ; except in the conditional 2nd person singular and the impersonal, where it remains.
1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
Second stem verbs take the same base suffixes as first conjugation verbs, but add the infix in --, or --.Roots ending in a slender consonant undergo syncope before the addition of --.
Irregular verbs
There are eleven irregular verbs in Standard Irish, whose equivalents when translated into English are irregular verbs as well ; individual dialects have a few more. Most of them are characterized by suppletion, that is, different roots are used to form different tenses. Analytic forms are indicated by the symbol +. The preterites of many irregular verbs take the nonpreterite forms of preverbal particles, i.e. an and ní, instead of ar and níor. Some verbs have different independent and dependent forms in certain tenses; the independent forms are used when no particle precedes the verb, and also after má "if" and the direct relative particle a, while the dependent forms are used after all other particles."to say"
The - in this verb's independent forms is not lenited, and the dependent forms are slightly archaic."to catch"
"to be"
If a noun phrase is in the predicate, then forms of the particle is are used rather than anything below./ "to hear"
Clois is used in southern and south-central Irish, whereas cluin is used in northern and north-central varieties."to do, to make"
"to find, to get"
The - in forms of this verb is eclipsed rather than lenited after ní."to see"
"to eat"
"to give, to bring, (to be named)"
The meaning "to be named" is often found in writings and can therefore be considered as strange for learners. When meaning "to be named" the verbform is usually followed by the preposition "ar", which is also inflected due to the person it is connected with. e.g.:- Bhí Seán, mar a thugtaí air, an-shásta. "Seán, as he was called, was very happy."
- Tá Seán ag tabhairt an úill dom. "Seán is giving me the apple."
"to come"
"to go"
Preverbal particles
Irish uses a number of preverbal particles to modify the meaning of a sentence. In a positive statement, no particle is used and the verb comes first. This is still seen in the Standard Language in said tenses, prefixed to verbs beginning with vowels, e.g. d'ól mé "I drank":- Tuigeann Seán Gaeilge. "Seán understands Irish."
- Thuig Seán Gaeilge. "Seán understood Irish."
- Thuigfeadh Seán Gaeilge. "Seán would understand Irish."
Negative particles
- Ní thuigeann Seán Gaeilge. "Seán doesn't understand Irish."
- Ní thuigfeadh Seán Gaeilge. "Seán wouldn't understand Irish."
- Ní ólfadh Séamas an bainne. "Séamas would not drink the milk."
- Ní fhanfadh Úna liom. "Úna would not wait for me."
- Níor thuig Seán Gaeilge. "Seán didn't understand Irish."
- Níor ól Séamas an bainne. "Séamas didn't drink the milk."
- Níor fhan Úna liom. "Úna didn't wait for me."
Interrogative particles
- An dtuigeann Seán Gaeilge? "Does Seán understand Irish?"
- An dtuigfeadh Seán Gaeilge? "Would Seán understand Irish?"
- An ólann Séamas bainne? "Does Séamas drink milk?"
- An bhfanfadh Úna liom? "Would Úna wait for me?"
- Ar thuig Seán Gaeilge? "Did Seán understand Irish?"
- Ar ól Séamas an bainne? "Did Séamas drink the milk?"
- Ar fhan Úna liom? "Did Úna wait for me?"
- Níl a fhios agam an dtuigeann Seán Gaeilge. "I don't know if Seán understands Irish."
- Ní mé ar ól Séamas an bainne. "I wonder if Séamas drank the milk."
Negative interrogative particles
- Nach dtuigeann Seán Gaeilge? "Doesn't Seán understand Irish?"
- Nach dtuigfeadh Seán Gaeilge? "Wouldn't Seán understand Irish?"
- Nach n-ólfadh Séamas an bainne? "Wouldn't Séamas drink the milk?"
- Nach bhfanfadh Úna liom? "Wouldn't Úna wait for me?"
- Nár thuig Seán Gaeilge? "Didn't Seán understand Irish?"
- Nár ól Séamas an bainne? "Didn't Séamas drink the milk?"
- Nár fhan Úna liom? "Didn't Úna wait for me?"
Wh-interrogative particles
- Cá gcuirfidh tú an litir? "Where will you put the letter?"
- Cad/'Céard a cheapfaidh na comharsana? "What will the neighbors think?"
- Cathain a dhíolfaidh sibh bhur dteach? "When will you sell your house?"
- Cé a sheasfaidh i m'aice? "Who will stand next to me?"
- Conas a' ghlanfaidh tú an gúna? "How will you clean the dress?"
Verbal nouns
Formation
Irish has no infinitive and uses instead the verbal noun. The verbal noun can be formed using different strategies. The most common of these are:- Suffix -adh, e.g., bog "soften": bogadh
- Suffix -áil, e.g., fág "leave": fágáil
- Suffix -ú, e.g., ardaigh "lift": ardú
- Suffix -amh, e.g., caith "spend": caitheamh
- Suffix -t, e.g., cosain "defend": cosaint
- Suffix -úint, e.g., lean "follow": leanúint
- Slender consonant is made broad, e.g., coisc "prevent": cosc
- Suffix -ach, e.g., ceannaigh "buy": ceannach
- No change, e.g., ól "drink": ól
- Suffix -cht, e.g., dúisigh "awake": dúiseacht
- Suffix -e, e.g., rinc "dance": rince
Usage
A progressive can be expressed with the preposition ag and is equivalent to the English present participle.
A perfect tense can be formed with either of the compound prepositions tar éis or i ndiaidh and the verbal noun.
The subjunctive
The subjunctive covers the idea of wishing something and so appears in some famous Irish proverbs and blessings. It is considered an old-fashioned tense for daily speech but still appears often in print. E.g.,- Go dté tú slán. "May you be well."
- Go dtuga Dia ciall duit. "May God give you sense."
- Go ndéana an Diabhal toirneach de d'anam in Ifreann. "May the Devil make thunder of your soul in Hell."
- Dá mba "If I were you, I would study for the exam tomorrow."
- Tá sé tábhachtach go roghnaíonn sé ar an mbealach ceart. "It is important that he choose the right way."
- Nuair a bheidh tú níos sine, beidh tú a thuiscint. "When you're older, you'll understand."
- Is mian liom go raibh tú anseo. "I wish you were here."