Iñupiat


The Inupiat, also known as Alaskan Inuit, are a group of Alaska Natives whose traditional territory roughly spans northeast from Norton Sound on the Bering Sea to the northernmost part of the Canada–United States border. Their current communities include 34 villages across Iñupiat Nunaat, including seven Alaskan villages in the North Slope Borough, affiliated with the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation; eleven villages in Northwest Arctic Borough; and sixteen villages affiliated with the Bering Straits Regional Corporation. They often claim to be the first people of the Kauwerak.

Name

Inupiat is the plural form of the name for the people. The singular form is Iñupiaq, which can also refer to the language. In English, both Iñupiat and Iñupiaq are used as modifiers. The language is called Iñupiatun in Iñupiatun and frequently in English as well. Iñupiak is the dual form.
The roots are iñuk "person" and -piaq "real", i.e., an endonym meaning "real people".

Groups

Ethnic groups

The Inupiat are made up of the following communities

Regional corporations

In 1971, the Alaskan Native Claims Settlement Act established thirteen Alaskan Native Regional Corporations. The purpose of the regional corporations were to create institutions in which Native Alaskans would generate venues to provide services for its members, who were incorporated as "shareholders". Three regional corporations are located in the lands of the Iñupiat:

Tribal governments

Prior to colonization, the Iñupiat exercised sovereignty based on complex social structures and order. Despite the transfer of land from Russia to the U.S. and eventual annexation of Alaska, Iñupiat sovereignty continues to be articulated in various ways. A limited form of this sovereignty has been recognized by Federal Indian Law, which outlines the relationship between the federal government and American Indians. The Federal Indian Law recognized Tribal governments as having limited self-determination. In 1993, the federal government extended federal recognition to Alaskan Natives tribes. Tribal governments created avenues for tribes to contract with the federal government to manage programs that directly benefit Native peoples. Throughout Inupiat lands, there are various regional and village tribal governments. The tribal governments vary in structure and services provided, but often are related to the social well-being of the communities. Services included but are not limited to education, housing, tribal services, and supporting healthy families and cultural connection to place and community.
The following Alaska Native tribal entities for the Iñupiat are recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs:
CommunityNative tribal entitiesNative village corporationNative regional corporation
Alatna Alatna Village-Doyon, Limited
Ambler Native Village of Ambler-NANA Corporation
Anaktuvuk Pass Village of Anaktuvuk PassNunamiut CorporationArctic Slope Regional Corporation
Atqasuk Native Village of AtqasukAtqasuk CorporationArctic Slope Regional Corporation
Brevig Mission Native Village of Brevig Mission-Bering Straits Native Corporation
Buckland Native Village of Buckland-NANA Corporation
Council Native Village of Council-Bering Straits Native Corporation
Deering Native Village of Deering-NANA Corporation
Diomede Native Village of Diomede-Bering Straits Native Corporation
Elim Native Village of Elim-Bering Straits Native Corporation
Golovin Chinik Eskimo Community-Bering Straits Native Corporation
Kaktovik Kaktovik VillageKaktovik Inupiat CorporationArctic Slope Regional Corporation
Kiana Native Village of Kiana-NANA Corporation
King Island King Island Native CommunityKing Island Native CorporationBering Straits Regional Corporation
Kivalina Native Village of Kivalina-NANA Corporation
Kobuk Native Village of Kobuk-NANA Corporation
Kotzebue Native Village of KotzebueKikiktagruk CorporationNANA Corporation
Koyuk Native Village of Koyuk-Bering Straits Native Corporation
Mary's Igloo Native Village of Mary's Igloo-Bering Straits Native Corporation
Noatak Native Village of Noatak-NANA Corporation
Nome Nome Eskimo CommunitySitnasuak CorporationBering Straits Native Corporation
Noorvik Noorvik Native Community-NANA Corporation
Nuiqsut Native Village of NuiqsutKuukpikArctic Slope Native Corporation
Point Hope Native Village of Point HopeTikiġaq CorporationArctic Slope Regional Corporation
Point Lay Native Village of Point LayCully CorporationArctic Slope Regional Corporation
Selawik Native Village of Selawik-NANA Corporation
Shaktoolik Native Village of Shaktoolik-Bering Straits Native Corporation
Shishmaref Native Village of ShishmarefShismaref Native CorporationBering Straits Native Corporation
Shungnak Native Village of Shungnak-NANA Corporation
Solomon Village of Solomon-Bering Straits Native Corporation
Teller Native Village of TellerTeller Native CorporationBering Straits Native Corporation
Unalakleet Native Village of UnalakleetUnalakleet Native CorporationBering Straits Regional Corporation
UtqiaġvikNative Village of Barrow Inupiat Traditional GovernmentUkpeagvik CorporationArctic Slope Regional Corporation
Wainwright Village of WainwrightOlgoonik CorporationArctic Slope Regional Corporation
Wales Native Village of Wales-Bering Straits Regional Corporation
White Mountain Native Village of White Mountain-Bering Straits Native Corporation

Languages

Inuit, the language and the people, extend borders and dialects across the Circumpolar North. Inuit are the Native inhabitants of Northern Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. The Inuit languages form a dialect continuum and have differing names depending on the region it is spoken in. In Northern Alaskan, the Inuit language is called Iñupiatun. Within Iñupiatun, there are four major dialects: North Slope, Malimiut, Bering Straits, and Qawiaraq. Before European contact, the Iñupiaq dialects flourished. Due to harsh assimilation efforts in Native American boarding schools, Natives were punished for speaking their language. Now only 2,000 of the approximately 24,500 Inupiat can speak their Native tongue.
Revitalization efforts have focused on Alaskan Native languages and ways of life. Located in Kotzebue, Alaska, an Iñupiaq language immersion school called Nikaitchuat Iḷisaġviat was established in 1998. The immersion school's mission is to "instill the knowledge of Iñupiaq identity, dignity, respect and to cultivate a love of lifelong learning". June Nelson Elementary school is another school in Kotzebue that is working to include more content into their curriculum about Iñupiaq language and culture. Nome Elementary School in Nome, Alaska has also put in place plans to incorporate an Iñupiaq language immersion program. There are many courses being offered at the various campuses a part of the University of Alaska system. University of Alaska Fairbanks offers several course in the Iñupiaq language. University of Alaska Anchorage offers multiple levels of Elementary Iñupiaq Language and Alaskan Native language apprenticeship and fluency intensive courses.
Since 2017, a grassroots group of Iñupiaq language learners have organized Iḷisaqativut, a two-week Iñupiaq language intensive that is held throughout communities in the Inupiaq region. The first gathering was held in Utqiaġvik in 2017, Siqnasuaq in 2018, and Qikiqtaġruk in 2019.
In 2014, linguist and educator Edna Ahgeak MacLean released an Iñupiaq-English dictionary after three decades of research, compiling over 19,000 entries. Kawerak, a nonprofit organization from the Bering Strait region, has created a language glossary that features terms from Iñupiaq, as well as terms from English, Yup'ik, and St. Lawrence Island Yupik.
Several Iñupiat developed pictographic writing systems in the early twentieth century. It is known as Alaskan Picture Writing.

History

Along with other Inuit groups, the Iñupiaq originate from the Thule culture. Circa 300 B.C., the Thule migrated from islands in the Bering Sea to what now is Alaska.
Iñupiaq groups, in common with Inuit-speaking groups, often have a name ending in "miut," which means 'a people of'. One example is the Nunamiut, a generic term for inland Iñupiaq caribou hunters. During a period of starvation and an influenza epidemic, most of these people moved to the coast or other parts of Alaska between 1890 and 1910. A number of Nunamiut returned to the mountains in the 1930s.
By 1950, most Nunamiut groups, such as the Killikmiut, had coalesced in Anaktuvuk Pass, a village in north-central Alaska. Some of the Nunamiut remained nomadic until the 1950s.
The Iditarod Trail's antecedents were the native trails of the Dena'ina and Deg Hit'an Athabaskan American Indians and the Inupiat.

Subsistence

Iñupiat are hunter-gatherers, as are most Arctic peoples. Iñupiat continue to rely heavily on subsistence hunting and fishing. Depending on their location, they harvest walrus, seal, whale, polar bears, caribou, and fish. Both the inland and coastal Inupiat depend greatly on fish. Throughout the seasons, when they are available, food staples also include
ducks, geese, rabbits, berries, roots, and shoots.
The inland Iñupiat also hunt caribou, Dall sheep, grizzly bear, and moose. The coastal Inupiat hunt walrus, seals, beluga whales, and bowhead whales. Cautiously, polar bear also is hunted.
The capture of a whale benefits each member of an Iñupiat community, as the animal is butchered and its meat and blubber are allocated according to a traditional formula. Even city-dwelling relatives, thousands of miles away, are entitled to a share of each whale killed by the hunters of their ancestral village. Maktak, which is the skin and blubber of bowhead and other whales, is rich in vitamins A and C. The vitamin C content of meats is destroyed by cooking, so consumption of raw meats and these vitamin-rich foods contributes to good health in a population with limited access to fruits and vegetables.
A major value within subsistence hunting is the utilization of the whole catch or animal. This is demonstrated in the utilization of the hides to turn into clothing, as seen with seal skin, moose and caribou hides, polar bear hides. Fur from rabbits, beaver, marten, otter, and squirrels are also utilized to adorn clothing for warmth. These hides and furs are used to make parkas, mukluks, hats, gloves, and slippers. Qiviut is also gathered as Muskox shed their underlayer of fur and it is spun into wool to make scarves, hats, and gloves. The use of the animal's hides and fur have kept Inupiat warm throughout the harsh conditions of their homelands, as many of the materials provide natural waterproof or windproof qualities. Other animal parts that have been utilized are the walrus intestines that are made into dance drums and qayaq or umiaq, traditional skin boats.
The walrus tusks of ivory and the baleen of bowhead whales are also utilized as Native expressions of art or tools. The use of these sensitive materials are inline with the practice of utilizing the gifts from the animals that are subsisted. There are protective policies on the harvesting of walrus and whales. The harvest of walrus solely for the use of ivory is highly looked down upon as well as prohibited by federal law with lengthy and costly punishments.
Since the 1970s, oil and other resources have been an important revenue source for the Iñupiat. The Alaska Pipeline connects the Prudhoe Bay wells with the port of Valdez in south-central Alaska. Because of the oil drilling in Alaska's arid north, however, the traditional way of whaling is coming into conflict with one of the modern world's most pressing demands: finding more oil.
The Iñupiat eat a variety of berries and when mixed with tallow, make a traditional dessert. They also mix the berries with rosehips and highbush cranberries and boil them into a syrup.

Culture

Historically, some Iñupiat lived in sedentary communities, while others were nomadic. Some villages in the area have been occupied by Indigenous groups for more than 10,000 years.
The Nalukataq is a spring whaling festival among Inupiat. The festival celebrates traditional whale hunting and honors the whale's spirit as it gave its physical body to feed entire villages. The whale's spirit is honored by dance groups from across the North performing songs and dances.
The Iñupiat Ilitqusiat is a list of values that define Iñupiat. It was created by elders in Kotzebue, Alaska, yet the values resonate with and have been articulated similarly by other Iñupiat communities. These values include: respect for elders, hard work, hunter's success, family roles, humor, respect for nature, knowledge of family tree, respect for others, sharing, love for children, cooperation, avoid conflict, responsibility to tribe, humility, and spirituality.
These values serve as guideposts of how Iñupiat are to live their lives. They inform and can be derived from Iñupiaq subsistence practices.
There is one Iñupiaq culture-oriented institute of higher education, Iḷisaġvik College, located in Utqiaġvik.

Current issues

Iñupiat have grown more concerned in recent years that climate change is threatening their traditional lifestyle. The warming trend in the Arctic affects their lifestyle in numerous ways, for example: thinning sea ice makes it more difficult to harvest bowhead whales, seals, walrus, and other traditional foods as it changes the migration patterns of marine mammals that rely on iceflows and the thinning sea ice can result in people falling through the ice; warmer winters make travel more dangerous and less predictable as more storms form; later-forming sea ice contributes to increased flooding and erosion along the coast as there is an increase in fall storms, directly imperiling many coastal villages. The Inuit Circumpolar Council, a group representing Indigenous peoples of the Arctic, has made the case that climate change represents a threat to their human rights.
The emergence of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease, traditionally absent from circumpolar populations, has afflicted the Iñupiat. Obesity rates are now on par with American rates, with some 64% of adults having an at-risk BMI.
As of the 2000 U.S. Census, the Iñupiat population in the United States numbered more than 19,000. Most of them live in Alaska.

Iñupiat Nunaŋat (Iñupiat territories)

The North Slope Borough has the following cities Anaktuvuk Pass, Atqasuk, Utqiaġvik, Kaktovik, Nuiqsut, Point Hope, Point Lay, Wainwright
The Northwest Arctic Borough has the following cities Ambler, Buckland, Deering, Kiana, Kivalina, Kobuk, Kotzebue, Noatak, Noorvik, Selawik, Shungnak
The Nome Census Area has the following cities Brevig Mission, Diomede, Golovin, Koyuk, Nome, Shaktoolik, Shishmaref, Teller, Wales, White Mountain, Unalakleet

Notable Inupiat