Ineko Sata


Ineko Sata, also Ineko Kubokawa, born Ine Sata, was a Japanese writer closely connected to the Proletarian Literature Movement. An advocate of women's rights, she has also repeatedly been linked to the feminist movement.

Biography

Early life and career

Born in Nagasaki to young, unmarried parents, the family moved to Tokyo while she was still a child. Her first job was in a caramel factory, but she later went on to work in restaurants where she befriended several writers, including Ryūnosuke Akutagawa. In 1922, her poems were published for the first time in the magazine Shi to jinsei.
Working at the Koroku café-bar in Hongo near Tokyo University, she met Shigeharu Nakano, who would remain a lifelong friend. Along with left-wing writers Tatsuo Hori and Tsurujirō Kubokawa, Nakano ran the progressive literary magazine Roba. Nakano urged Sata to write her first short story, Kyarameru kōjō kara, which was based on her own experiences and published in 1928. Taking her second husband Tsurujirō Kubokawa's family name and slightly modifying her first name, she published her work as Ineko Kubokawa until around 1940.
While praised by writers like Yasunari Kawabata for drawing on modernist literary techniques, Sata became increasing involved in issues related to workers and the labor movement. In 1929, she spoke out against the treatment of women workers in cigarette factories. In 1931, she defended the striking workers of the Tokyo Muslin Factory. As a member of the Proletarian Literature Movement, she wrote a series of stories about the lives of ordinary working men and women. These included Kyosei kikoku, about the rights of migrant Korean workers, and Tears of a Factory Girl in the Union Leadership, both published in 1931.
In 1932, she joined the outlawed Japan Communist Party. She became close to JCP leaders Kenji Miyamoto and Takiji Kobayashi, the former imprisoned until 1945, the latter tortured to death by police in 1933. Sata's strong opinions were also often at odds with the official Communist Party platform. In 1935, she was arrested for anti-war activism and spent two months in jail. This experience is described in part in her 1936–38 novel Crimson, a fictionalised account of her marriage and the struggles of being a mother, wife and professional writer.
By 1940, Sata, like Fumiko Hayashi, eventually collaborated with the authorities, publishing both diaries of her travels in Korea and Manchuria and "home front" stories in support of the Japanese war effort, for which she later faced criticism by former associates.

Later career

In 1945, with the end of the Pacific War, she divorced her husband Kubokawa. In 1946, she rejoined the JCP, although, as before, she often voiced vehement criticism of the party. Also in 1946, she was one of the founding members of the Women's Democratic Club, along socialist politician Shizue Katō and intellectuals like Setsuko Hani and Yuriko Miyamoto. Her wartime experiences were the subject of Watashi no Tōkyō chizu, which was written between 1946 and 1948. 1953 saw the first post-war reprint of Crimson, which was received favourably by critics. In 1954, she wrote Kikai no naka no seishun. The first collection of her works was issued in 15 volumes in 1958–59. She would write Onna no yado in 1963 and Omoki nagare ni in 1968–69.
By 1964, Sata had rejoined the JCP after yet another expulsion. Her activities in the Women's Democratic Club, judged divisive from the perspective of the party mainstream, again led to her expulsion from the JCP. In Keiryu, Sata portrayed the party's internal conflicts.
Sata was awarded the Noma Literary Prize in 1972 for her book Juei, which deals with the relationships between Chinese and Japanese people in Nagasaki after the dropping of the atomic bomb, and the biography of painter Kiyoshi Ikeno, which had already served as basis for her 1961 short story The Colorless Paintings. In 1973, she was offered the Geijutsuin Onshi-shō for her life's work, but she refused the award as she regarded it as a nationalist congratulation prize. She accepted the 1976 Kawabata Yasunari Literature Award for one of the stories in her short story collection Toki ni tatsu.
In 1983, Sata received the Asahi Prize for the entire body of her work. She gave an acceptance speech which expressed regret for her contributions to the war effort. Her book about Nakano, Natsu no Shiori – Nakano Shigeharu o okuru, was awarded the Mainichi Art Award in 1983.
Ineko Sata died in Tokyo in 1998.

Selected works

The year refers to the first publication.
  • 1928: Kyarameru kōjō kara
  • 1929: Café Kyoto
  • 1931: Tears of a Factory Girl in the Union Leadership
  • 1931: Kyosei kikoku
  • 1936–38: Crimson
  • 1940: Suashi no musume
  • 1942: Kō ni niou
  • 1949: Watashi no Tōkyō chizu
  • 1950: White and Purple
  • 1955: Kikai no naka no seishun
  • 1955: Memory of a Night
  • 1958–59: Sata Ineko shū
  • 1959: Hai iro no gogo
  • 1961: The Colorless Paintings
  • 1963: Onna no yado
  • 1964: Keiryu
  • 1966: Sozō
  • 1970: Omoki nagare ni
  • 1972: Juei
  • 1972: The Inn of Dancing Snow
  • 1975: Toki ni tatsu
  • 1977–1979: Sata Ineko zenshū
  • 1983: Natsu no Shiori – Nakano Shigeharu o okuru
  • 1986: ''Camellia Blossoms on the Little Mountain''

Awards

  • 1963: Women's Literature Award for Onna no yado
  • 1972: Noma Literary Prize for Juei
  • 1976: Kawabata Yasunari Literature Award for Toki ni tatsu
  • 1983: Asahi Prize for her complete work
  • 1983: Mainichi Art Award for ''Natsu no Shiori – Nakano Shigeharu o okuru''

Translations

Most of Sata's work was translated into Russian in the 1960s and 1970s, and selected stories have been translated into French and German. English translations include:
*

Adaptations

Some of Sata's stories were adapted into films, including:
  • 1956: Kodomo no me, director Yoshirō Kawazu
  • 1957: Suashi no musume, director Yutaka Abe
  • 1965: Ane to imōto, director Yoshirō Kawazu