Hydnellum compactum
Hydnellum compactum is a rare tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It is characterised by its astringent taste, yellowish flesh. It is found in Europe, where it grows in deciduous forest, typically under beech. Fruit bodies of the fungus grow singly or in groups.
They are top-shaped, with convex or flattened upper surfaces up to in diameter. The surface texture is initially felt-like before becoming pitted and rough in age. The stipe, roughly the same color as the cap, is solid and measures long by thick. On the fertile cap underside, there are white to purple-brown, curved spines up to 5 mm long. The color is whitish at first but gradually turns dark brown to blackish. The spores measure 5.5–6 by 3.5–4.5 μm, and feature tubercles that sometimes have a sunken tip.
Hydnellum compactum is ectomycorrhizal with Sessile Oak, Common Oak and Beech as well as Sweet Chestnut occasionally. It prefers in nutrient poor, dry to moist, loamy and sandy soils, and sunny, mosaic, old-growth forests.
It is considered endangered is Switzerland, and listed as vulnerable on the IUCN red list. It is estimated there are less than 4000 mature individuals of this species left in Europe. Its presence has particularly decreased in the Netherlands. Its main threats are logging, as old-growth forests are decreasing across northern and central Europe. In western Europe, this fungus is mainly threatened by air pollution, such as acidificiation and nitrogen deposition.