Hwang affair
The Hwang affair, or Hwang scandal, or Hwanggate, is a case of scientific misconduct and ethical issues surrounding a South Korean biologist, Hwang Woo-suk, who claimed to have created the first human embryonic stem cells by cloning in 2004. Hwang and his research team at the Seoul National University reported in the journal Science that they successfully developed a somatic cell nuclear transfer method with which they made the stem cells. In 2005, they published again in Science the successful cloning of 11 person-specific stem cells using 185 human eggs. The research was hailed as "a ground-breaking paper" in science. Hwang was elevated as "the pride of Korea", "national hero" , and a "supreme scientist", to international praise and fame. Recognitions and honours immediately followed, including South Korea's Presidential Award in Science and Technology, and Time magazine listing him among the "People Who Mattered 2004" and the most influential people "The 2004 Time 100".
Suspicion and controversy arose in late 2005, when Hwang's collaborator, Gerald Schatten at the University of Pittsburgh, came to know of the real source of oocytes used in the 2004 study. The eggs, reportedly from several voluntary donors, were in fact from Hwang's two researchers, which Hwang later denied. The ethical issues made Schatten immediately break ties with Hwang. In December 2005, a whistleblower informed Science of reuse of data. As the journal probed in, it was revealed that there was additional data fabrication. The SNU immediately investigated the research work and found that both the 2004 and 2005 papers contained fabricated results. Hwang was compelled to resign from the university, and publicly confessed in January 2006 that the research papers were based on fabricated data. Science immediately retracted the two papers.
In 2009, the Seoul Central District Court convicted Hwang for embezzlement and bioethical violations, sentencing him to a two-year imprisonment. The incident was then recorded as the scandal that "shook the world of science," and became "one of the most widely reported and universally disappointing cases of scientific fraud in history".
Background
Hwang Woo-suk was a professor of veterinary biotechnology at the Seoul National University and specialised in stem cell research. In 1993, he devised an in vitro fertilisation method with which he made the first assisted reproduction in cows. He rose to public notice in 1999 when he announced that he had successfully cloned a dairy cow, named Yeongrong-i, and a few months later, a Korean cow, Jin-i. The following year, he announced the preparation for cloning an endangered Siberian tiger. It was a failed attempt, but the announcements received widespread media attention in South Korea and contributed to increased public interest in his work. In 2002, he claimed creation of a genetically modified pig that could be used for human organ transplant. In 2003, he announced the successful cloning of a BSE -resistant cow. However, science sceptics raised concern over the absence of research papers for any of his claims.2004 human cell cloning
In 2004, Hwang announced the first complete cloning of a human embryo. The research, published in the 12 March 2004 issue of Science, was reported as "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst." For its potential medical value to replace diseased and damaged cells, several scientists had previously tried to clone the human embryo, but none had succeeded. Hwang's team had developed an improved method of somatic cell nuclear transfer, in which they could transfer the nuclei of somatic cells into egg cells that had their nuclei removed. They used human egg cells and cumulus cells, which are found in ovaries near the developing eggs and are known to be good source of nuclear transfer. After emptying an egg of its nucleus, they transferred the nucleus of the cumulus cell into it. The new egg cell divided normally and grew into a blastocyst, an early embryo characterised by a hollow ball of cells. They isolated the outer trophoblast cells that are destined to become the placenta, discarding the inner cell mass that would form the placenta. When the trophoblast cells were cultured, they could divide and form different tissues, indicating that they were viable stem cells. The report concluded: "This study shows the feasibility of generating human ES cells from a somatic cell isolated from a living person." It was the first instance of cloning of adult human cells and human embryonic stem cells.Hwang publicly reported the research at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Seattle on 16 February 2004. He specified that they used 242 eggs from 16 unpaid volunteers, creating about 100 cells from which 30 embryos were developed. Since the embryos had adult DNA, the resulting stem cells became clones of the adult somatic cells. From the embryos, the stem cells were collected and grafted into mice in which they could grow into various body parts including muscle, bone, cartilage and connective tissues. The method ensured that immune rejection would be avoided so that it could be used for the treatment of genetic disorders. As Hwang explained: "Our approach opens the door for the use of these specially developed cells in transplantation medicine."
2005 human cell cloning
Hwang's team reported another successful cloning of human cells in the 17 June 2005 issue of Science, in this case, embryonic stem cells derived from skin cells. Their study claimed the creation of 11 different stem cell lines that were the exact match of DNA in people having a variety of diseases. The experiment used 185 eggs from 18 donors. The report explicitly stated that: "Patients voluntarily donated oocytes and somatic cells for therapeutic cloning research and relevant applications but not for reproductive cloning ... no financial reimbursement in any form was paid."Initial receptions
The 2004 report
When the 2004 research was announced, it was received with praise and admiration. Donald Kennedy, editor-in-chief of Science, remarked: "the generation of stem cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer methods involving the same individuals may hold promise for advances in transplantation technology that could help people affected by many devastating conditions." Michael S. Gazzaniga, neuroscientist and bioethicist at Dartmouth College, who had supported therapeutic cloning, described it as "a major advance in biomedical cloning". Some American scientists took the news to criticise the US government, arguing that it had weakness in stem cell research and a prohibitive attitude. As Helen Pearson reported in Nature, the cloning accomplishment turned Asians into "scientific tigers".Time reported that as a consequence of the achievement, "a medical and ethical door that had remained mostly closed was kicked wide open." Hwang and his colleague Shin Yong Moon were listed by Time at number 84 in its list of most influential people "The 2004 Time 100" in April 2004.
The critical issue was on bioethics, as the method ultimately wasted many human embryos and could be used to create full human clones, as John T. Durkin argued in Science: "the developmental events leading from fertilised ovum, to blastula, to embryo, to fetus, to fully formed adult constitute a continuum." Hwang claimed that the purpose was for medical applications only, and said in Seattle, "Reproductive cloning is strictly prohibited ." At the time, South Korea was developing its "Bioethics and Biosafety Act" to be enforced in 2005. The regulations proscribed human reproductive cloning and experimental fusion of human and animal embryos; even therapeutic cloning for diseases would require authorised approval. Based on this situation, Sang-yong Song of the Hanyang University, criticised Hwang for not waiting for the forthcoming regulations and social consensus in Korea. Howard H. Kendler, psychologist at the University of California, commented: "Although individuals will differ in their opinions, a democracy can decide whether the benefits of embryonic stem cell research outweigh any disadvantages. Science can assist in making this decision, but cannot dictate it."