Huichol language


The Huichol language is an indigenous language of Mexico which belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language family. It is spoken by the ethnic group widely known as the Huichol, whose mountainous territory extends over portions of the Mexican states of Jalisco, San Luis Potosí, Nayarit, Zacatecas, and Durango, mostly in Jalisco.
United States: La Habra, California; Houston, Texas. Under the 2003 Law on Indigenous Language Rights, the indigenous languages of Mexico along with Spanish are recognized as "national languages".
In regard to language typology, the language has switch-reference, is highly polysynthetic and verbs may consist of as many as 20 different morphemes.
In recent years, at least two teaching grammars for Huichol have been produced in Mexico for nonnative speakers. In addition, a project to produce a reference grammar and dictionary of Huichol has been underway since the 1980s, conducted by a team of investigators in the Department of Indigenous Languages at the University of Guadalajara, and the first volume of the reference grammar was published in 2006.

Classification

The Huichol and Cora languages form the Coracholan subgroup of the Uto-Aztecan languages.

Dialects

There are many dialects of Huichol, including Coyultita, Huichol del norte, Huichol del sur, San Andrés Cohamiata, San Sebastián-Santa Catarina.

Speakers

According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, there were 35,724 speakers of Huichol as of 2005. Huichol has been classified by UNESCO as a "vulnerable" language.

Phonology

Vowels

There are five vowel phonemes: ; is spelled 'e'. is phonetically, a high central unrounded vowel, similar to the 'e' in the word 'roses' in English.

Articulation of vowels

is reported to be even more open than the similar half open front vowel of French, but less open than the of English 'cat'. is low central.

Suprasegmental phonemic contrasts

Length is phonemic for vowels. A long vowel is marked by a pair of identical vowel letters. Some minimal pairs:
  • ' 'to drink', ' 'to chew';
  • ' 'to cook', ' 'sown field';
  • ' 'looking for a place to get out of the rain', ' 'walking around tending to things'.
Stress accent is phonemic. The default position for word stress in Huichol is the penultimate syllable, as in Spanish and English. When a word has primary stress on the penult, the orthography does not mark it. When the primary stress of the word falls on a syllable other than the penult, the stress is marked with the acute accent. When there is a need to mark stress on a long vowel, the acute accent is placed on the second vowel letter. Minimal pairs showing phonemic syllable stress:
  • tuaxa 'to shoot', tuaxá 'oak';
  • ' 'close one's eyes', ' 'butterfly'.

Consonants

There are thirteen consonant phonemes. /t͡s/ has two allophones, the affricate, by default and the fricative, when it immediately precedes another consonant. /h/, which Grimes groups with /w y/ for morphophonemic reasons, is phonetically the glottal voiceless fricative, . The boldfaced symbols in parentheses are the symbols used in the Huichol orthography, where these differ from the linguists' symbols.

Articulation of consonants

/k/ before /i/ is aspirated. /k/ before /ɛ/ is palatalized, hence the pronunciation of /kɛ/ is .
/w/ is before /a ü/, before /e i u/. The sequence /wu/, 'vu' occurs only in loanwords from Spanish.
Articulation of /ts r ɾ/
/r, ɾ/, while basically alveolar, have a retroflex quality. The descriptions of the phonetic content of these two phonemes vacillated from McIntosh to Grimes to Grimes.
McIntosh described as "alveolar" and considered these two to be allophones of the same phoneme, with being the main allophone. Grimes agreed with this: he never uses 's' in his list of 13 phonemes.
McIntosh described r as "a voiced retroflex alveolar flap" and x as "backed alveolar... somewhat retroflex"; "backed alveolar" seems to correspond to the term "postalveolar" in more modern phoneticians' jargon. Among phoneticians, the alveolar ridge is seen as a range, not a point, in the sagittal dimension of the roof of the mouth. Phoneticians optionally distinguish between prealveolar and postalveolar. It must be understood that in the jargon, pre- and post- do not have their normal English meanings. Postalveolar means "the rear portion of the alveolar ridge", not "a region behind the alveolar ridge", while prepalatal means "the front portion of the palate ", not "a region in front of the palate". Thus, the descriptions "backed alveolar" and "somewhat retroflex" are consistent. Grimes described the allophone symbols as "retroflex reverse flap" and as "retroflex", but he amended this to "apicoalveolar affricate, fricative, and flap /t͡s r ɾ/ ". The description, "reverse flap" was not defined. By way of conjecture, it may mean that the tongue tip travels up and backward during the flap articulation instead of straight up or up and forward.

Syllable structure

Syllables have one of the following structures : CV; CV^; CVV, at least in the base form of words; in speech and sometimes in writing, the elision of vowels creates sequences in violation of these syllable canons. In syllables of the last type, the two vowels form a diphthong in which the first vowel is the most prominent. The language has a large number of diphthongs; both ascending diphthongs and descending diphthongs occur. Examples :
  • ' 'to give';
  • ' 'to lend';
  • xei.ya 'to see';
  • xie.te 'bee'
. The sequences /wV/ are distinct from /uV/, likewise /yV/ is distinct from /iV/. /uV/ and /iV/ are diphthongs, and to form a valid syllable in Huichol, they must be preceded by a consonant.

Intonation

Grimes investigated the affective use of intonation.

Orthography

The alphabet currently in use to teach Huichol-speaking children to be literate in their native language is
a e h i ɨ k kw m n p r t ts u w x y ʔ
Formerly, ɨ has been written as ü.
For x an alternative spelling rr is seen, even in recent linguistic scholarship and lay publications. When the IPA symbol for the glottal stop, ʔ, is not available with the typing device being used, the apostrophe is substituted.

Morphology

Huichol is a highly polysynthetic language with a strong tendency to head-marking.

Media

Huichol-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XEJMN-AM, broadcasting from Jesús María, Nayarit.
Popular Mexican music group Huichol Musical, made up of four Huichol men from Santa Catarina, Mezquitic, Jalisco, write songs that fuse the Huichol language and music style with Spanish lyrics and more current music trends. Their biggest hit, "Cuisinela" garnered attention worldwide and their album by the same name was Grammy nominated in the "Best Regional Mexican Album" category in 2008.

Resources for language learning

  • Santos García, Saúl; Tutupika Carrillo de la Cruz; Marina Carrillo Díaz. 2008. Taniuki: curso de Wixárika como segunda lengua., course in Huichol as a second language] Nayarit, Mexico: Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. 90 pp. In Spanish.

Vocabulary and dictionaries

  • McIntosh y Grimes. 121 p.

Grammar

  • Iturrioz Leza, José Luis, Julio Ramírez de la Cruz, et al. 1999. . Guadalajara: Departamento de Estudios en Lenguas Indígenas, Universidad de Guadalajara; Secretaría de Educación Pública. This is volume XIV of .
  • Iturrioz, José Luis, ed. 2004. . Guadalajara: Secretaría de Cultura, Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco. The bulk of the book addresses the grammar of the Huichol language.
  • Iturrioz, José Luis & Gómez López, Paula. 2006. Gramática Wixárika I. LINCOM Europa. Studies in Native American Linguistics; 3.. 268 pp.
  • Iturrioz, José Luis & Gómez López, Paula. 2009. Gramática Wixárika II/III. München/Munich: LINCOM Europa. 280 pp.