Hmu language


The Hmu language, also known as Qiandong Miao, Central Miao, East Hmongic, or Black Miao, is a dialect cluster of Hmongic languages of China. The best studied dialect is that of Yǎnghāo village, Taijiang County, Guizhou Province.
Qanu, a Hmu variety, had 11,450 speakers as of 2000, and is spoken just south of Kaili City, Guizhou. The Qanu are ethnoculturally distinct from the other Hmu.

Names

Autonyms include ' in Kaili, ' in Jinping County, ' in Tianzhu County, ' in Huangping County, ' in some parts of Qiandongnan, and ' in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi. Ná-Meo, spoken by the Mieu people of Cao Minh Commune, Tràng Định District, Lạng Sơn Province, Vietnam, may be closely related.

Subdivisions and distribution

Wang (1985)

Wang Fushi groups the Qiandong Miao languages as follows.
  • Northern: 1,000,000 speakers in Kaili, Majiang, Nandan, Longlin, Leishan, Taijiang, Huangping, Jianhe, Zhenyuan, Sansui, Shibing, Sandu, Fuquan, Pingba, Zhenning, Xingren, Zhenfeng, Anlong, Wangmo, etc.
  • Eastern: 250,000 speakers in Jinping, Liping, Jianhe, Jingzhou, Tongdao, Huitong, etc.
  • Southern: 350,000 speakers in Rongjiang, Congjiang, Nandan, Sandu, Rongshui, Sanjiang, etc. Includes Na Meo of northern Vietnam.
  • Western : 15,000 speakers in Heba of Majiang, Mianluo of Duyun, Sandu, Rongjiang, parts of Nandan

    Wu (2009)

Wu Zhengbiao divides Hmu into seven different dialects. Past classifications usually included only three or four dialects. For example, Li Jinping & Li Tianyi, based on past classifications, divide Hmu into the three dialects of Northern, Southern, and Eastern. Datapoint locations of representative dialects are from Li Yunbing.
  • Eastern
  • *Jinping County, Guizhou
  • **Hekou 河口 dialect : spoken in Hekou 河口乡, Wenniu 文牛乡, and Zhanghua 彰化乡 townships
  • **Ouli 偶里 dialect : spoken in Pinglve 平略乡, Ouli 偶里乡, Zhaizao 寨早乡, Jiaosan 皎三乡, Maoping 茅坪乡, Guazhi 挂治乡, Pingjin 平金乡, and Suijiang 稳江乡, Loujiang 娄江乡, and Tongpo 铜坡乡 townships
  • **Yuhe 裕河 dialect : spoken in Yuhe 裕河乡, Xinmin 新民乡, and Guben 固本乡 townships
  • **Sanqiao 三锹话
  • *Jingzhou County, Hunan
  • *Huitong County, Hunan
  • Northern
  • *Kaili
  • *Leishan County
  • *Taijiang County
  • *Shibing County
  • *Gedong 革东镇 in Jianhe County
  • *Huangping County
  • *Fuquan County
  • *Weng'an County
  • *Xingren County
  • *parts of Anlong County
  • *Yangwu 杨武乡, Longquan 龙泉镇, Paidiao 排调镇, Xingren 兴仁镇 townships, and also parts of Yahui 雅灰乡 in Danzhai County
  • *Duyun
  • **Bagu Township 坝固镇: Jijia 鸡贾, Yanglie 羊列, Baduo 把朵, Metao 么陶
  • **Wangsi Township 王司镇: Taohua 桃花, Xinchang 新场, Wulu 乌路, Wuzhai 五寨
  • **Pu'an Township 普安镇: Zongjiang 总奖村, Guanghua 光华村, Xingfu 幸福村
  • Northeastern
  • *Zhaitou 寨头村, Baye 巴冶村, and Liangshan 良上村 villages of Sansui County
  • *Gaoyongzhai 高雍寨, Guanme Township 观么乡, Jianhe County
  • Western
  • *Heba Village 河坝村, Longshan Township 龙山乡, Majiang County
  • *Raohe Village 绕河村, Luobang Township 洛邦乡, Duyun
  • Southern
  • *Sandu County: Lalan 拉揽乡, Jiaoli 交梨乡, Dujiang 都江镇 townships; Jialan 甲揽, Yangwu 羊吴, Dediao 的刁, Hongguang 红光, and Wuyun 巫匀 villages of Pu'an Township 普安镇
  • *Danzhai County: Paidao 排岛 and Paimo 排莫 of Yahui Township 雅灰乡
  • Southeastern 1
  • *Datu 大土村, Shuiwei 水维村, and Jialiao 甲料村 villages in Jiarong 佳荣镇 Township, Libo County
  • *parts of Jiajiu 加鸠乡 Township, Congjiang County
  • *Xunle Township 馴乐苗族乡, Huanjiang County
  • Southeastern 2
  • *Bingmei 丙妹镇, Tingdong 停洞乡, Cuili 翠里乡, and much of the Yueliangshan 月亮山 area in Congjiang County
  • *Rongjiang County
  • *Rongshui County
  • *Sanjiang County
  • *Northern Vietnam : Na Meo language

    Hsiu (2018)

Andrew Hsiu proposes the following classification of the Qiandong Miao languages based on his 2015 computational analysis, classifying Ná-Meo as a Southern Qiandong Miao dialect:

Classification

Hmu has been recognized as a branch of Hmongic since the 1950s. Wang recognized three varieties. Matisoff treated these as distinct languages, which is reflected in Ethnologue. Lee added a fourth variety, Western Hmu, among the Yao, and Matisoff lists seven.

Writing

Northern Qiandong Miao, also known as Central Miao and as Eastern Guizhou Hmu, was chosen as the standard for Hmu-language textbooks in China, based on the pronunciation of Yǎnghāo village.

Alphabet

The Hmu alphabet is based on Pinyin and consists of 28 letters.
Digraphs other than gh and kh and Trigraphs are not considered single letters and are considered combinations of letters.
The following list shows the 28 letters of the Hmu alphabet in their uppercase and lowercase forms along with their name and pronunciation in the IPA:
  • A a : /a/
  • B b : /p/
  • C c : /ʦʰ/
  • D d : /t/ ~ /tʲ/
  • E e : /ə/, /e/
  • F f : /f/
  • G g : /k/
  • Gh gh : /q/
  • H h : /h/
  • I i : /i/
  • J j : /ʨ/
  • K k : /kʰ/
  • Kh kh : /qʰ/
  • L l : /l/, /ʎ/
  • M m : /m/
  • N n : /n/, /ɲ/
  • O o : /o/
  • P p : /pʰ/
  • Q q : /ʨʰ/
  • R r : /z/
  • S s : /ʂ/
  • T t : /tʰ/
  • U u : /u/
  • V v : /ɣ/
  • W w : /v/
  • X x : /ɕ/
  • Y y : /ʑ/, /j/
  • Z z : /ʦ/
Digraphs:
  • Ai ai: /ɛ/
  • Au au: /ɑu/
  • Dl dl: /ɬ/, /ɬʲ/
  • Ei ei: /ei/
  • En en: /en/, /in/
  • Eu eu: /əu/
  • Hf hf: /fʰ/
  • Hl hl: /ɬʰ/, /ɬʰʲ/
  • Hm hm: /mʰ/
  • Hn hn: /nʰ/ ~ /ɲ̊ʰ/
  • Hs hs: /sʰ/
  • Hv hv: /xʰ/
  • Hx hx: /ɕʰ/
  • Ia ia: /iɑ/
  • Ie ie: /ie/
  • Io io: /io/
  • Iu iu: /iu/
  • Ng ng: /ŋ/
  • Ua ua: /uɑ/
  • Ue ue: /uɛ/
Trigraphs:
  • Ang ang: /ɑŋ/
  • Iau iau: /iɑu/
  • Ieu: /iə/
  • Ong ong: /oŋ/
  • Uei uei: /uei/
Tones are marked with final consonant letters:
  • Mid tone: b
  • : d
  • : f
  • : k
  • : l
  • : s
  • : t
  • : x
  • Neutral tone / no tone: unmarked
There are no diacritics or accents in the Hmu alphabet, and only the letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet are used.

Phonology

The phonemic inventory and alphabetic transcription are as follows.
is not distinct from a zero initial, and only occurs with tones 1, 3, 5, 7.
The aspirated nasals and fricatives do not exist in Southern or Eastern Hmu; cognates words use their unaspirated homologues. Further, in Eastern Hmu, di, ti merge into j, q; c merges into x; r merges into ni; and v is pronounced. In Southern Hmu, words cognate with hni are pronounced ; those with r are ; and some words exchange s and x.
Ai does not occur after palatalized consonants. after palatalized consonants is spelled in.
Closing
Close component is front
Close component is back

Additional diphthongs occur in Chinese loans.
All dialects have eight tones. There is no sandhi. In the chart below, Northern Hmu is represented by Yanghao village, Eastern Hmu by 偶里 village, and Southern Hmu by 振民.
ToneLetterNorthernEasternSouthern
1b 3 3 3
3d 35 2 35
5t 4 45 4
7k 53 24 24
2x 5 ~ 45 42 53
4l 1 21 31
6s 13 5 2
8f 31 12 213

The lowest tones—Northern tones 4 and 6, Eastern tones 3 and 8, and Southern tone 6—are said to make the preceding consonant murmured, presumably meaning that these are murmured tones as in other Hmongic languages. They are marked with in the chart.