Cassidinae


The Cassidinae are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. The antennae arise close to each other and some members have the pronotal and elytral edges extended to the side and covering the legs so as to give them the common name of tortoise beetles. Some members, such as in the tribe Hispini, are notable for the spiny outgrowths to the pronotum and elytra.

Description

The "cassidoids" have a rounded outline with the edges of the pronotum and elytra expanded, spreading out to cover the legs and head. They are often colourful and metallic, with ornate sculpturing; a few species have the ability to change colour due to water movements within the translucent cuticle. All members of the subfamily have the mouthparts reduced into a cavity in the head capsule, the legs have four segmented tarsi. The hispoids have larvae that are ecological diverse as leaf miners or cryptic exophagous feeders, while the cassidoids feed freely externally on the plant surfaces. Within cassidoids, the tortoise beetles are diagnosed by the larvae recycling their feces and cast exuviae into a discrete structure held on the caudal processes. Fecal shields are thought to provide protection from the sun, wind, heat, predators, parasites, and/or parasitoids though experimental evidence is mixed.
A few species in two closely related tribes show paternal care of larvae. These species can be viewed as subsocial, with evidence pointing to there being two evolutionary origins of subsociality within this one lineage.

Taxonomy

Cassidinae includes both the former subfamily "Hispinae", as well as the former more narrowly defined subfamily Cassidinae which are now split into several tribes that include the tribe Cassidini, and in all include over 125 genera. The traditional separation of the two groups was based essentially on the habitats of the larvae and the general shapes of the adults. The name Cassidinae for the merged subfamily is considered to have priority.
The former grouping of "Hispinae" included the tribes Alurnini, Anisoderini, Aproidini, Arescini, Bothryonopini, Callispini, Callohispini, Cephaloleiini, Chalepini, Coelaenomenoderini, Cryptonychini, Cubispini, Eurispini, Exothispini, Gonophorini, Hispini, Hispoleptini, Hybosispini, Leptispini, Oediopalpini, Oncocephalini, Promecothecini, Prosopodontini, Sceloenoplini and Spilophorini. Most members of these tribes are elongated, slightly flattened beetles with parallel margins, and antennal bases close together on their small heads. They often have punctate elytra and pronotum, sometimes with spines both on and along the edges. The former grouping of Cassidinae included the tribes Aspidimorphini, Basiprionotini, Cassidini, Delocraniini, Dorynotini, Eugenysini, Goniocheniini, Hemisphaerotini, Mesomphaliini, Notosacanthini, Omocerini and Physonotini.
The subfamily names Cassidinae and Hispinae are both founded by Gyllenhal in the same 1813 book, but following the Principle of the First Reviser, Chen in this case, priority is given to the name Cassidinae.

Tribes and selected genera

The following list of tribes and selected genera has been collated from BioLib and Borowiec & Świętojańska :
  • Tribes formerly included in Hispinae:
  • *Alurnini
  • *Anisoderini
  • *Aproidini Pascoe, 1863
  • *Arescini
  • *Bothryonopini
  • *Callispini
  • *Callohispini
  • *Chalepini
  • *Coelaenomenoderini
  • *Cryptonychini
  • *Eurispini
  • *Exothispini
  • *Gonophorini
  • *Hispini
  • *Hispoleptini
  • *Hybosispini
  • *Imatidiini
  • *Leptispini
  • *Oncocephalini
  • *†Oposispini
  • **†Oposispa
  • ***†Oposispa scheelei
  • **†Sucinagonia
  • ***†Sucinagonia javetana
  • *Promecothecini
  • *Prosopodontini
  • *Sceloenoplini
  • *Spilophorini

    Tribes formerly included in Cassidinae ''sens. st.''

  • Aspidimorphini ; selected genera:
  • * Aspidimorpha
  • Basiprionotini ; selected genera:
  • * Basiprionota Chevrolat, 1836
  • * Epistictina Hincks, 1950
  • * Metriopepla Fairmaire, 1882
  • Cassidini ; selected genera:
  • * Agroiconota
  • * Cassida - type genus
  • * Charidotella
  • * Chiridopsis
  • Cubispini
  • * Cubispa
  • Delocranini : monogeneric Delocrania
  • Dorynotini ; genera:
  • * Dorynota
  • * Heteronychocassis
  • * Omoteina
  • * Paranota
  • * Paratrikona
  • Eugenysini ; all genera:
  1. Agenysa
  2. Eugenysa
  3. Miocalaspis
  • Goniocheniini ; all genera:
  1. Chlamydocassis
  2. Goniochenia
  3. Herissa
  4. Polychalma
  5. Zeugonota
  • Hemisphaerotini
  • * Hemisphaerota
  • Ischyrosonychini
  • * Physonota
  • Mesomphaliini selected genera:
  • * Acromis
  • * Chelymorpha
  • * Mesomphalia
  • * Stolas
  • Notosacanthini
  1. Herminella Spaeth, 1913
  2. Hermosacantha Borowiec & Świetojańska, 2014
  3. Notosacantha Chevrolat, 1836
  • Omocerini ; selected genera:
  • * Omocerus
  • * ''Polychalca''