Highway system in Taiwan

Highways in Taiwan are classified into five types:

Level	Name	Chinese	Taiwanese Mandarin	Taiwanese Hokkien	Taiwanese Hakka	Numbers	Notes
1	National Highways		Guódào	Kok-tō	Koet-tho	1–10	Labeled as Freeway
2	Provincial Highways		Shěngdào	Séng-tō	Sén-tho	1–39, 61–88	The latter are labeled as Expressway
3	County and City Highways		Xiàndào, Shìdào	Koān-tō, Chhī-tō	Yen-tho, Sṳ-tho	101–205
4	Township and District Roads		Xiāngdào, Qūdào	Hiong-tō, Khu-tō	Hiông-tho, Khî-tho
5	Special Roads		Zhuānyòng Gōnglù	Choan-iōng Kong-lō͘	Chôn-yung Kûng-lu

The system does not apply to other parts of Taiwan, namely Kinmen and Lienchiang counties, and islands in the South China Sea.
Expressways in Taiwan may be controlled-access highways similar to National Freeways or limited-access roads. Most have urban roads
and intra-city [|expressways] status, although some are built and maintained by cities.

Pedestrians

Pedestrian safety is an issue in Taiwan and is a topic where little progress has been observed. The number of pedestrian deaths have remained mostly the same over the 2010s, from 429 deaths in 2011 to a high of 458 in 2019 to 410 in 2021. The number of injured pedestrians climbed, from 13,787 in 2011 to 15,589 in 2021.
This record is related to the lack of pedestrian-friendly infrastructure and public education on pedestrian safety.

The numbering system

As a general rule, the odd numbers represent north–south highways and even numbers represent east–west. The numbers increase moving west to east and north to south. Major north-south provincial highways are indicated by a one-digit number. Special routes of a highway use the same number, followed by a heavenly stem character. However, for English translation, these characters are replaced by letters in the alphabetical order.

National highways

National highways are freeways with controlled access.

History

The first controlled-access highway, and a predecessor to the national highways in Taiwan, was the MacArthur Thruway, built in 1964 between Keelung and Taipei. Construction on the first modern national highway, National Highway 1, began in 1971. The northern section between Keelung and Zhongli was completed in 1974, and the entire freeway was completed in 1978. It runs from the northern harbor city of Keelung to the southern harbor city of Kaohsiung, while there was an branch connecting to Chiang Kai-shek International Airport.
Construction began on the other freeways in the late 1980s. The northern section of the second north–south freeway between Xizhi and Hsinchu was completed in 1997. The No. 1A Branch was extended to link No. 3 Freeway at Yingge, Taipei, and renamed as the National Highway 2. Three other short freeways were built to link the two north–south freeways in Taichung County, Tainan County, and Kaohsiung County, respectively. The entire No. 3 Freeway was completed in January 2004.
To ease the congestion of No. 1 Freeway in the Taipei metropolitan area, a viaduct was built in 1997 along the original freeway between Xizhi and the Wugu District of New Taipei to serve as a bypass for traffic not exiting and entering the freeway within Taipei.
The construction of a freeway connecting the Taipei metropolitan area and Yilan County began in 1991 and was completed in June 2006. It includes a tunnel, which is the ninth-longest road tunnel in the world. An extension from Yilan County to Hualien County is planned. However, its construction is being delayed by environmental concerns.
On January 2, 2014, the toll system was converted to a distance-based one. Tolls are no longer collected at toll booths but automatically by electronic toll collection.

Features

Length, exits, and entrances

Every one tenth of a kilometer is marked on the freeway with Arabic numerals to indicate freeway mileage, which indicates the number of kilometers away from the northern end or western end of the freeway. Exit numbers are based on the freeway mileage. With the notable exception of exit-only signs, which are only expressed in Chinese, exit notification and system route reminder signs in the freeway system are almost identical to their US counterparts.
[Image:Taiwan Freeway Exit Only Road Diagram.PNG|thumb|150px|A diagram that distinguishes an exit only lane from the regular lanes. The exit only lane has a right-turn arrow symbol and Chinese characters that say "Exit exclusive lane."]
There are four types of exit notification signs. The first notification sign appears two kilometers before the exit, providing the destination name and an Exit 2 km notice. The second sign appears one kilometer before the exit, providing the destination name and a Right Lane notice. The Right Lane notice warns the exiting driver to start switching to the right lane in preparation to exit and does not necessarily indicate that the right lane is an exit-only lane. The third sign appears a few hundred meters before the exit, providing the destination name and a right tilted arrow. The fourth sign is located at the exit and says Exit with a tilted right arrow.
[Image:Taiwan Freeway 2km Exit Sign.gif|thumb|150px|Sign that indicates that the exit is two kilometers away.]
[Image:Taiwan Freeway 1km Exit Sign.gif|thumb|150px|Sign that indicates that the exit is one kilometer away.]
Exit notification signs were slightly altered in December 2005. The green exit mileage label on top of the exit notification sign has been replaced with a yellow exit mileage label accompanied with the Chinese code name of the interchange. The Chinese code name of the interchange does not necessarily reflect the destinations listed on the exit signs and may represent the general location of the freeway interchange.
Long rectangular-dash dividers usually separate normal lanes. Short rectangular-dash dividers usually indicates a lane that is ready to turn into an exit, a merging lane, or a lane reserved for vehicles that have difficulty climbing high grade regions of the freeway.
Freeway entrances may have traffic lights to control the flow of vehicles entering the freeway.

Speed limit

The speed limit for cars on Taiwan's freeways range from 80 km/h on Freeway No. 5 to 110 km/h on Freeway No. 3. The speed limit for trucks are usually 10 km/h lower. In non-traffic jam conditions, a vehicle must travel at least 60 km/h.
Speed limits are enforced through radar activated cameras that take pictures of speed-violating cars. Because of protests, yellow warning signs are given in advance in Chinese of approaching radar activated cameras.

Following distances

As tailgating poses serious hazards of rear-ending, Article 6 of the Freeway and Expressway Traffic Control Regulation requires the following minimum [|following distances] when the weather is fine:
Longer following distance is required in the Hsuehshan Tunnel.

Traveling through tunnels

In the tunnel portions of freeways, lane change is prohibited when the lane divider consists of two parallel solid lines, used when lane change is considered unsafe should a collision cause a vehicular fire. Headlights must be turned on when traveling through tunnels; this is enforced by special cameras. Unlawful lane change or failure to turn on headlights in a tunnel is subject to an administrative fine of 3000 new Taiwan dollars.
Additional restrictions apply for the Hsuehshan Tunnel on Freeway No. 5, which is the longest tunnel in the entire system.

Prohibited traffic

Article 19 of the Freeway and Expressway Traffic Control Regulation prohibits uses of and entries onto the freeways by:

Pedestrians.
Military troops marching or conducting drills.
Non-motorized vehicles
Motorcycles.
Three-wheel motor vehicles or motorized pedicabs.
Farm machineries.
Motorized machineries not being motor vehicles.
Towed vehicles not disabled on the freeways or expressways.

Electronic toll collection">Electronic Toll Collection (Taiwan)">Electronic toll collection

Odd-numbered freeways have tolls, which are automatically collected by ETC. The current rate for cars is +, km being kilometers traveled per day. The first 20 km per day is free and thus deducted from the distance. Freeways may be used directly, but users are advised to apply for an “eTag”, which is free and when equipped gives 10% discounts and allows you to store pre-paid money for tolls. The eTag can also be set to pay tolls automatically with credit card or a savings account. Users without the eTag pay tolls at convenience stores 3 days after usage and if not, bills will be mailed to car owners.

Service and Rest Areas

Freeway service and rest areas start appearing south of Taoyuan City on the No. 1 and No. 3 freeways. Most rest areas provide gas stations, gift shops, convenience stores, and food courts. The Qingshui rest area located on the 172.4 km mileage marker of National Highway No. 3 is so popular that visitors can only park for 45 minutes and are prohibited from barbecuing.

List of national highways

There are eight national highways as of 2011. They are administered by the National Freeway Bureau.

No. 1 : 374.4 km, completed on October 31, 1978
* No. 1A : Planned; No. 1A originally ran from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to the airport interchange; this is now part of National Freeway No. 2
No. 2 : 20.4 km, completed on August 24, 1997
* No. 2A : Under construction
No. 3 : 432.0 km, completed on January 11, 2004
* No. 3A : 5.6 km, completed on March 21, 1996
No. 4 : 28.0 km, completed in November 2001
No. 5 : 54.3 km, completed on January 16, 2006
No. 6 : 37.6 km, completed on March 21, 2009
No. 7 : Currently under construction
No. 8 : 15.5 km, completed in February 2000
No. 10 : 33.8 km completed in February 2000

Provincial Highways

[Image:TaiwanHwy1Hwy68.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Taiwan Highways 1 and 68 near Hsinchu]
[Image:TW PHW61.svg|100px|left]
Provincial highways are administered by Directorate General of Highways under Department of Transportation and Communications since 1999. Before the mid-1990s, the route numbers of provincial highways were limited to 1–27. In 1992, planning started for 12 east–west expressways and the West Coast Expressway, indicated by route numbers greater than 60, to ease the congestion in the freeways. Some of these expressways are still under construction.
Many of these provincial highways cross through the special municipalities which are not part of Taiwan Province. Officially, provincial highways are now known as Taiwan highways, but many people still refer to them as provincial roads.
In 2007, provincial expressways started using the same exit notification signs that national freeways started using in 2006.
The following is a list of all provincial highways as of 2 August 2006:

Ordinary Provincial Highways

1 : This is the historical north–south highway.
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 1E
* 1F
2
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* 2D
* 2E
* 2F : An extension of Freeway 3.
* 2G
3
* 3A
* 3B
4
5
* 5A
* 5B : Decommissioned in 2013.
6
7 :
* 7A
* 7B
* 7C
* 7D
8 : This highway was severely damaged between Guguan and Deji by the 1999 Jiji earthquake although the Guguan-Lishan section opened to limited traffic in 2018.
* 8A : This highway was severely damaged in the 1999 Jiji earthquake and has been shut down since.
9 (Taiwan)|9] : The highway runs through the eastern part of Taiwan. It is the longest highway in Taiwan.
* 9A
* 9B
* 9C
* 9D : old routing of PH 9.
* 9E : old routing of PH 9.
* Suhua Improve
*South Link Highway Improve
10
* 10A : Absorbed into PH 10.
* 10B
11 (Taiwan)|11] :
* 11A
* 11B
* 11C
12
13
* 13A
14
* 14A
* 14B
* 14C
* 14D
15 :
* 15A
16
17 :
* 17A
* 17B
18 : New Central Cross-Island Highway and Alishan Highway
19 : Central Highway,
* 19A
20 : Southern Cross-Island Highway,
* 20A
* 20B
21
* 21A
22 (Taiwan)|22] : Previously a portion of County Road 188 until 1993.
23 (Taiwan)|23]
24, Wutai Highway : Was Highway 22 until 1993. A section in Wutai was severely damaged in 2009 by Typhoon Morakot and has been shut down since.
25 : Fenglin Highway
26 Ping-E Highway and Jia-E Highway
27
* 27A
28
29 Dalin Highway : Was a portion of Highway 21 until 2014.
30
31
37
39
61 (Taiwan)|61B]
63A

Quasi Expressways

Expressways

61
* 61A : Absorbed into PH 61 in 2020.
62
* 62A
64
65
66
68
72 (Taiwan)|72]
74
76
78
82
84
86
88

Since July 1, 2006, the Freeway and Expressway Traffic Control Regulation applies the same traffic rules on the freeways to the expressways, including the same prohibited traffic and following distances. While motorcycles remain generally banned from the expressways, Article 19 of the Freeway and Expressway Traffic Control Regulation makes it officially possible to allow a motorcycle with a cylinder capacity of more than 550 cm³ on certain expressways subject to the following restrictions:

No sharing the same lane to drive side by side with or to overtake another vehicle, not even another motorcycle
Headlight on at all times

A trial program to allow a motorcycle with a cylinder capacity of more than 550 cm³ on Provincial Highway 68 and Provincial Highway 72 started in January 2005 for one year and was extended an additional year. On July 2, 2006, more than 1500 Taiwanese motorcyclists took to the streets in Taipei to demand more open highways; Provincial Highways 68 and 72 were the only Taiwanese expressways open to high-end motorcycles.
Since 2007, a motorcycle with a cylinder capacity of at least 550 cm³ may be driven on expressways but not freeways. This major change has resulted in mixed reactions.

County and city Highways

[Image:Taiwan road sign Art090.1.png|left|75px|Taiwanese Guide Sign G3: County and City Route]
[Image:TaiwanCountyRoad120.JPG|150px|Taiwan County Road No. 120]
[Image:TaiwanCountyRoad123.jpg|84px|Taiwan County Road No. 123]
County and city highways are numbered from 101 to 205 since the numbered highways in Penghu are incorporated into the system. Including those branch lines, there are totally 147 county and city highways, and the total length stretches over 3,500 kilometres. The lowest number 101 is in New Taipei City. The route numbers generally increase moving north to south. Route No. 200 is in Pingtung. Routes No. 201 to 205 are in Penghu. County highways numbered 179, 184, 195 are nonexistent.

Township and District Roads

[Image:Taiwan road sign Art090.2.png|left|75px|Taiwanese Guide Sign G4: Township and District Route]
[Image:TaiwanTownshipRoad21.jpg|84px|Hsinchu Township Road No. 21]
[Image:TaiwanTownshipRoad23.jpg|150px|Hsinchu Township Road No. 23]
A Township or District Road is prefixed the abbreviation of the county or city in a Chinese character where it is located. For example, the sample signs above show Hsinchu Roads No. 22, 21, and 23.
These roads are almost always two-lane undivided roads, especially if not carrying two highways in one roadway. In some cases, they may weave through urban neighbourhoods and are treated like lanes or alleys.

Special Roads

Special Roads in Taiwan are rarely used and appear in certain places.