Tomb of Benei Hezir
The Tomb of Benei Hezir, previously known as the Tomb of Saint James, is the oldest of four monumental rock-cut tombs that stand in the Kidron Valley in Jerusalem, adjacent to the Tomb of Zechariah and a few meters from the Tomb of Absalom. It dates to the Second Temple period. It is a complex of burial caves. The tomb was originally accessed from a single rock-cut stairwell which descends to the tomb from the north. At a later period an additional entrance was created by quarrying a tunnel from the courtyard of the monument known as "the Tomb of Zechariah". This is also the contemporary entrance to the burial complex.
Architecture
The facade of the tomb is a classical distyle in antis with two pillars between two pilasters above which there is undecorated architrave containing an engraved a Hebrew inscription. Above the architrave is a Doric frieze and a cornice. The tomb's architectural style is influenced by ancient Greek architecture as well as Nabataean influence in architecture and decorative elements, without ancient Egyptian architectural influences.History
The tomb dates to the second century BCE, the Hellenistic period and the time of the Hasmonean monarchy in Jewish history. Architecturally the so-called Tomb of Zechariah postdates the complex, and the Tomb of Absalom is considered to have been erected even later. The tomb is effectively a burial cave dug into the cliff. It contains a Hebrew inscription, which makes it clear that this was the burial site of a priestly family called Benei Hezir, lit. "sons of Hezir". The inscription reads:זה הקבר והנפש שלאלעזר חניה יועזר יהודה שמעון יוחנן בני יוסף בן עובד יוסף ואלעזר בני חניה כהנים מבני חזיר — This is the grave and the Nefesh of Eliezer Hania Yoazar Yehuda Shimon Yochanan Benei Yosef Ben Oved Yosef and Elazar Benei Hania, Kohanim of the Hezir family.
Name
The name Hezir appears twice in the Bible. The inscription on the monument mentions the "sons of Hezir", meaning: the descendants of Hezir. The Hebrew term is bnei Hezir, usually written in English as Benei Hazir. The common misspelling Hazir is clearly wrong, since that means pig in Hebrew.In the 19th century Westerners still identified the monument with the tomb of St. James the Apostle.