Haplogroup S-M230


Haplogroup S-M230, also known as S1a1b, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is by far the most numerically significant subclade of Haplogroup S1a.
S-M230 is commonly found among populations of the highlands of Papua New Guinea. It is also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of Indonesia and Melanesia.

Origin

Haplogroup S-M230 is thought to have evolved somewhere between 28,000-41,000 years ago. Portions of Northern Melanesia were settled by modern humans at least 42,000 years before present; early populations of Melanesia were hunter-gatherers and introduction of plants from New Zealand suggests outside contact.

Distribution

One study has reported finding haplogroup S-M230 in: 52% of a sample from the Papua New Guinea Highlands; 21% of a sample from the Moluccas; 16% of a sample from the Papua New Guinea coast; 12.5% of a sample of Tolai from New Britain; 10% of a sample from Nusa Tenggara, and; 2% of a sample from the West New Guinea lowlands/coast.
One subclade, Haplogroup S-M226.1 has been found at low frequencies in the Admiralty Islands and along the coast of mainland PNG..

Phylogenetics

Structure & position within Haplogroup S

;S1a
  • S1a1 Z42413
  • * S1a1a
  • ** S1a1a1 P60, P304, P308
  • ** S1a1a2
  • * S1a1b M230, P202, P204 – "demoted" in 2016 from its previous position as the basal Haplogroup S*
  • ** S1a1b1
  • ** S1a1b1
  • *** S1a1b1a
  • *** S1a1b1b
  • *** S1a1b1c
  • *** S1a1b1d
  • S1a2 P79, P307
  • S1a3 P315
  • * S1a3a Z41763
  • * S1a3b~ P401

History

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 ''''''YCC 2002 YCC 2005 YCC 2008 YCC 2010r ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
K-M926VIII1U25Eu16H5FK*KKK-------

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

2008 YCC tree

From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K5.