Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup P also known as P-P295 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics, it forms a clade within Haplogroup K2b (K-P331). Its sister clade within K2b is K2b1.
It was proposed to redefine the root of Haplogroup P through the novel Single-nucleotide polymorphism PF5850, yet this is so far not reflected in the International Society of Genetic Genealogy Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree nor in scientific publications.
Basal PF5850* is found in Southeast Asia. Basal P-P295* is found among South and Southeast Asians as well as Oceanians, P-FT292000 with unknown distribution, and P-M45* commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians. P-M45 is the parent node of [haplogroup haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)|Q (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup Q] and [haplogroup haplogroup R (Y-DNA)|R (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R].
The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians, North Africans, and Central Asians.

Origin and dispersal

Karafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P and its ancestral clade K from either South Asia or Southeast Asia as part of the early human dispersal, based on the distribution of subclades of P-P295 and more ancient clades such as K1 and K2. However, Karafet, et al. mentions that this hypothesis is "parsimonious" and K may have alternatively originated elsewhere in Eurasia and later went extinct there. According to a geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descended, originated most likely in the Middle East or Central Asia. According to Bergstorm et al, haplogroup K2b1 found in Indigenous Australians and ancestors of haplogroup R and Q split in Southeast Asia near Sahul.
The highest frequency and diversity of haplogroup P clades is observed in Southeast Asia, specifically on the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. To date, the ancestral clade K2b has only been confirmed among the 39,000 year old Tianyuan man.

Structure

The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation:
K2b

PF5850
*P
**P1
**P1~
***Q
***R
**P2
***P2a~
***P2b
****'''P2b1'''

Distribution

PF5850*

PF5850* was found among a Jehai sample in Malaysia. Basal P1* was also found in one historical 19th-century Andaman islander.

P*(xP1~)

This paraphyletic group comprises all subclades of P-P295 except for the main clade P-M45. The position of P1~ alias P-M45 within P is not confirmed, thus the tilde suffix.
Because P2 was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases reported as P-P295* or K2b2* in older literature likely include P-B253.
P* exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia.
P* is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta, a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan. P1* is most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as in Southern Asian at lower frequency.

Population	P* %	Notes
Papua New Guinea	0.69	assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found
New Zealand	0
Fiji	0
Solomon Islands	0
French Polynesia	0
Vanuatu	0
New Caledonia
Guam	0
Samoa	0
Kiribati
Tonga	0
Micronesia FDR	0
Marshall Islands	0
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Cook Islands	0
Wallis and Futuna	0
Tuvalu	0
Nauru
Norfolk Island
Niue	0	small sample size
Tokelau	0	small sample size
Hawaii	0	small sample size from FTDNA
Australia	0
Timor	10.8
Aeta	28
Austronesians	0
Malaysia	0
Flores	0
Sulawesi	0.6
East Indonesia	0
Java Indonesia	0
Bali Indonesia	0
Sumatra Indonesia	0
Borneo Indonesia	0
West Papua Province	0
Papua Province	0
Sumba Indonesia	3.2

P-M45 (P1~)

Derived P1~ has been found among the Ancient North Eurasian Yana specimens, which carried around 29–47% ancestry from an East Eurasian source represented by the Tianyuan man.
Many modern ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1~, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi, and 35% among Nivkh males.

Modern population	Modern ethnolinguistic affiliation	Reference	n	Percentage	Notes/SNPs tested
Tuvinian	Turkic		113	35.40	P-M45
Nivkh	isolate		17	35	P-M45
Altai-Kizhi	Turkic		92	28.3	P-M45
Todjin	Turkic		36	22.2	P-M45
Chukchi	Chukotkan		24	20.8	P-M45
Koryak	Chukotkan		27	18.5	P-M45
Yupik	Eskimo-Aleut		33	18.2	P-M45
Uighur	Turkic		70	17.1	P-M45
Kalmyk	Mongolic		68	11.8	P-M45
Turkmen	Turkic		30	10	P-M45
Soyot	Turkic		34	8.8	P-M45
Uriankhai	Mongolic		60	8.3	P-M45
Khakas	Turkic		53	7.6	P-M45
Kazakh	Turkic		54	5.6	P-M45
Uzbek	Turkic		366	5.5	P-M45
Khasi-Khmuic	Austro-Asiatic		353	5.40	P-M45 §
Munda	Austro-Asiatic		64	10.90	P-M45 §
Nicobarese	Austro-Asiatic		11	0.00	P-M45 §
Southeast Asia	Austro-Asiatic		257	1.60	P-M45 §
Garo	Tibeto-Burman		71	1.40	P-M45 §
India	Tibeto-Burman		226	3.10	P-M45 §
East Asia	Tibeto-Burman		214	0.00	P-M45 §
Eastern India	unclear/various		54	18.50	P-M45 §
Southern Talysh, Iran	Iranian		50	4.00	P-M45
Northern Talysh, Azerbaijan	Iranian		40	5.00	P-M45
Mazandarani	Iranian		50	4.00	P-M45
Gilaki	Iranian		50	0.00	P-M45
Tehran	Iranian		80	4.00	P-M45
Isfahan	Iranian		50	6.00	P-M45
Bakhtiari	Iranian		53	2.00	P-M45
Iranian Arabs	Arabic		47	2.00	P-M45
North Iran	Iranian		33	9.00	P-M45
South Iran	Iranian		117	3.00	P-M45
South Caucacus	Georgian		77	3.00	P-M45
South Caucacus	Armenian		100	2.00	P-M45
Hvar	Croatian			14	-
Korčula	Croatian			6	-

§ May include members of haplogroup [Haplogroup Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|R2 (Y-DNA)|R2].

Population group	N	P		Q		R
		Count	%	Count	%	Count	%
Gope	16	1	6.4
Oriya Brahmin	24	1	4.2
Mahishya	17	3	17.6
Bhumij	15	2	13.3
Saora	13	3	23.1
Nepali	7	2	28.6
Muslims of Manipur	9	3	33.3
Himachal Pradesh Rajput	15	1	6.7
Lambadi	18	4	22.2
Gujarati Patel	9	2	22.2
Katkari	19	1	5.3
Madia Gond	14	1	7.1
Kamma Chowdary	15	0	0	1	6.7	12	80

Q

Near universal in the Kets of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations and Selkups, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50% in Siberian populations such as the Siberian Tatars, Nivkh, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 70% of Turkmens.

R

The only discovered case of basal R* is the Mal'ta Boy in the Upper Paleolithic on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation.

R1

Continent	Population	#No.	Total%	R-P25*	R-V88	R-M269	R-M73
Africa	Northern Africa	691	5.9%	0.0%	5.2%	0.7%	0.0%
Africa	Central Sahel Region	461	23.0%	0.0%	23.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Africa	Western Africa	123	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Africa	Eastern Africa	442	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Africa	Southern Africa	105	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Europe	Western Europeans	465	57.8%	0.0%	0.0%	57.8%	0.0%
Europe	North western Europeans	43	55.8%	0.0%	0.0%	55.8%	0.0%
Europe	Central Europeans	77	42.9%	0.0%	0.0%	42.9%	0.0%
Europe	North Eastern Europeans	74	1.4%	0.0%	0.0%	1.4%	0.0%
Europe	Russians	60	6.7%	0.0%	0.0%	6.7%	0.0%
Europe	Eastern Europeans	149	20.8%	0.0%	0.0%	20.8%	0.0%
Europe	South eastern Europeans	510	13.1%	0.0%	0.2%	12.9%	0.0%
Asia	Western Asians	328	5.8%	0.0%	0.3%	5.5%	0.0%
Asia	Southern Asians	288	4.8%	0.0%	0.0%	1.7%	3.1%
Asia	South eastern Asians	10	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Asia	North eastern Asians	30	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Asia	Eastern Asians	156	0.6%	0.0%	0.0%	0.6%	0.0%
	TOTAL	5326

R2

Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.

	Tibeto-Burman	Austro-Asiatic	Dravidian	Indo-European
Tribe	5.75%	10.94%	5.00%	-
Lower Caste	-	-	13.79%	10.00%
Middle Caste	-	-	3.53%	18.75%
Upper Caste	-	-	10.17%	16.28%

	Count	Sample Size	R-M124 Frequency %
UAE	8	217	3.69%
Qatar	1	72	1.39%
Kuwait	1	153	0.65%
Yemen	1	104	0.96%
Jordan	2	146	1.37%
Lebanon	2	935	0.21%
Palestine	1	49	2.04%
Egypt	1	147	0.68%

R2b%	Population
10.3%	Burusho
6.8%	Kalash
1.0%	Pashtuns
3.4%	Gujarat
0.63%	Pakistan

P2a~ (P-B253)

The Aeta people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P2a~.