Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup K2b1, known sometimes as haplogroup MS, is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups [Haplogroup Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)|M (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup M] and Haplogroup S.
It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.
Structure
K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.Its only primary branches are the major haplogroups S, also known as K2b1a and M, also known as K2b1b.
Distribution
K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea.Studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that, before contact with Europeans, about 29% of Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander males belonged to downstream subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1, and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1. All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders.
| Population | K2b1 as a % |
| Papua New Guinea | 82.76% |
| New Zealand | 0% |
| Fiji | 60.75% |
| Solomon Islands | 30% |
| French Polynesia | 8.00% |
| Vanuatu | 18.5% |
| Guam | 33.3% |
| Samoa | 8.04% |
| Kiribati | 0% |
| Tonga | 23% M haplogroup in one study and 26% s haplogroup in a separate study and told in that study to be up to 43% haplogroup m and haplogroup s there |
| Micronesia FDR | 66.67% |
| Marshall Islands | 63.64% |
| Palau | 61.5% |
| Cook Islands | 3.9% |
| Wallis and Futuna | 26% |
| Tuvalu | 36% |
| Nauru | 28.6% |
| Niue | 0% |
| Tokelau | 50% |
| Hawaii | 20% |
| Aboriginal Australians | 20% |
| Timor | 6% |
| Aeta | 0% |
| Chinese | 0% |
| Filipinos | 0% |
| Malaysia | 2.40% |
| Flores | 0% |
| Sulawesi | 11.3% |
| Eastern Indonesia | 25.9% |
| Java | 0% |
| Bali | 0.9% |
| Sumatra | 0% |
| Borneo | 5.80% |
| West Papua | 52.6% |
| Papua Province | 82.6% |
| Sumba | 25.2% |
| Chuukkese people | 76.5% |
| Pohnpeian people | 70% |