Hanlin Academy
The Hanlin Academy was an academic and administrative institution of higher learning founded in the 8th century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong in Chang'an. It has also been translated as "College of Literature" and "Academy of the Forest of Pencils."
Membership in the academy was confined to an elite group of scholars, who performed secretarial and literary tasks for the court. One of its primary duties was to decide on an interpretation of the Chinese classics. This formed the basis of the Imperial examinations, which aspiring government bureaucrats had to pass to attain higher-level government posts. Painters working for the court were also attached to the academy.
Academy members
Some of the more famous academicians of Hanlin were:- Li Bai – Poet
- Bai Juyi – Poet
- Su Shi – Poet
- Yan Shu – Poet, calligrapher,
- Ouyang Xiu – Historian
- Shen Kuo – Chancellor
- Zhang Zeduan – Painter
- Zhao Mengfu – Painter, calligrapher, poet
- Huang Zicheng – Imperial scholar
- Li Dongyang – Imperial officer, poet, served as 'Grand Historian'
- Ni Yuanlu – Calligrapher, painter, high-ranking official
- Wu Renchen – Historian and mathematician
- Chen Menglei – Scholar, writer
- Zhang Tingyu – Politician and historian
- Ji Xiaolan – Scholar, poet
- Yao Nai – Scholar
- Gao E – Scholar and editor
- He Changling – Scholar and official
- Zeng Guofan – Scholar and later key military official
- Chen Lanbin – Diplomat
- Weng Tonghe – Imperial Tutor
- Cai Yuanpei – Educator
- Qu Hongji – Politician
Bureau of Translators
Tibetan, "Huihui" Vietnamese and Burmese languages, as well as for the languages of the "various barbarian tribes", "Gaochang", and Xitian. In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of Ba bai and Thai were added, respectively. A Malay language vocabulary 滿剌加館譯語 for the Malay spoken in the Malacca Sultanate was compiled. A Cham language vocabulary 占城館 was created for the language spoken in the Champa Kingdom.
When the Qing dynasty revived the Ming-era Bureau of Translators, the Manchus, who "were sensitive to references to barbarians", changed the second character in the bureau's name from yi 夷 "barbarian" to yi 彝 "Yi people", and changed the Shan exonym from Baiyi 百夷 "hundred barbarians" to Baiyi 百譯 "hundred translations".
The later Tongwen Guan that was set up by the Qing dynasty for translating Western languages was subordinated to the Zongli Yamen rather than the Hanlin.
1900 fire
The Beijing Hanlin Academy and its library were severely damaged in a fire during the Siege of the International Legations in Peking in 1900 by the Kansu Braves while fighting against the Eight-Nation Alliance, close to the British Legation as an intimidation tactic. On June 22-23, the fire spread to the academy:The flames destroyed many ancient texts.
The academy operated continuously until its closure during the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.
Foreign language vocabularies
- s:zh:華夷譯語 – 達達館Mongol language
- – 暹羅館 天文門. Thai language
- – 緬甸館譯語 緬甸館來文通用門.Burmese language
- – 百夷館天文門.Baiyi
- – 百夷館天文門和地理門.Baiyi
- – 回回館《回回館雜字》天文門.Persian language
- – 回回館《回回館雜字》天文門和地理門.Persian language
- – 高昌館來文回鶻語.Old Uyghur language
- – 譯文備覽 西番館.Tibetan language
- – 《西番譯語》西番館Tibetan language
- s:zh:華夷譯語/朝鮮館譯語 Korean language
- s:zh:使琉球錄 #.E5.A4.B7.E8.AA.9E.EF.BC.88.E9.99.84.EF.BC.89 Ryukyuan language
- s:zh:使琉球錄 /附#.E5.A4.B7.E8.AA.9E – 使琉球錄 夷語 夷字 Ryukyuan language
- s:zh:使琉球錄 /卷下#.E5.A4.B7.E8.AA.9E.E3.80.90.E9.99.84.E3.80.91 Ryukyuan language
- s:zh:中山傳信錄/卷六#.E9.A2.A8.E4.BF.97 Ryukyuan language
- s:zh:重修使琉球錄 Ryukyuan language
- Ryukyuan language
- Ryukyuan language
- Ryukyuan language
- Jurchen language
Category:1911 disestablishments in China
Category:Confucian education
Category:Education in Beijing
Category:Government of Imperial China
Category:History of education in China
Category:Culture of the Song dynasty
Category:Tang dynasty