Hakkō ichiu
or was a Japanese political slogan meaning the divine right of the Empire of Japan to "unify the eight corners of the world." The slogan formed the basis of the empire's ideology. It was popularized in a speech by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe on January 8, 1940 and weaponized to justify Japanese imperialism throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.
Background
The term was coined early in the 20th century by the Nichiren Buddhist activist and nationalist Tanaka Chigaku, who cobbled it from parts of a statement attributed in the chronicle to legendary first Emperor Jimmu at the time of his ascension. The emperor's full statement reads: , and means: "I shall cover the eight directions and make them my abode". The term, meaning "eight crown cords", was a metaphor for, or "eight directions".Despite its original universalist meaning, according to the principle of "ichi soku issai, issai soku ichi ", Tanaka interpreted it as justification for imperialism. To stop this imperialist reinterpretation from spreading, Koyama Iwao, disciple of Nishida, and drawing off the Flower Adornment Sutra, proposed to substitute the words "to be included or to find a place" for the last two characters. That move was rejected by the military circles of the nationalist right.
Origins
There were enough Japanese in Western nations that suffered from racial discrimination issues that in 1919, Japan proposed a racial equality clause at the Paris Peace Conference. The proposal, intended to only apply to League of Nations members, received the support of a majority but was vetoed by US President Woodrow Wilson in violation of the rules of the Conference that allowed a majority vote. In 1924, the US Congress enacted the Asian Exclusion Act, outlawing immigration from Asia.Worsened with the economic impact of the Shōwa financial crisis and the Great Depression in the 1930s, which led to a resurgence of nationalist, militarist and expansionist movement, Emperor Shōwa, known more commonly as Hirohito outside Japan, and his reign became associated with the rediscovery of as an expansionist element of Japanese nationalistic beliefs. The naval limitations treaties of 1921 and especially 1930 were seen as a mistake in their unanticipated effect on internal political struggles in Japan, and the treaties provided an external motivating catalyst that provoked reactionary militarist elements to desperate actions, with their presence overtaking civilian and liberal elements in society.
The evolution of serves as a changing litmus test of those factional relationships during the next decade.
The term did not enter general circulation until 1940, when the second Konoe administration issued a white paper titled "Fundamental National Policy", which opened with those words and in which Prime Minister Konoe proclaimed that the basic aim of Japan's national policy was "the establishment of world peace in conformity with the very spirit in which our nation was founded." and that the first step was the proclamation of a "new order in East Asia", which later took the form of the "Greater [East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]". In the most magnanimous form, the term was used to indicate the making of a universal brotherhood implemented by the uniquely-virtuous Yamato. Because that would bring people under the emperor's fatherly benevolence, force was justified against those who resisted.
The Japanese additionally undertook many projects to prove that they supported racial equality. For example, on December 6, 1938, the Five Ministers Council, the highest decision-making council at the time, took the decision to prohibit the expulsion of the Jews from Japan, Manchuria, and China (1912–1949)|China]. Thereafter, the Japanese received Jewish refugees despite the opposition of their ally Nazi Germany.
World War II
As the Second Sino-Japanese War dragged on without conclusion, the Japanese government turned increasingly to the nation's spiritual capital to maintain fighting spirit.Characterization of the fighting as a "holy war", similarly grounding the current conflict in the nation's sacred beginnings, became increasingly evident in the Japanese press at this time. In 1940, the Imperial Rule Assistance Association was launched to provide political support to Japan's war in China.
The general spread of the term, neatly encapsulating this view of expansion as mandated in Japan's divine origin, was further propelled by preparations for celebrating the 2,600th anniversary of Jimmu's ascension, which fell in the year 1940 according to the traditional chronology. Stories recounted that Jimmu, finding five races in Japan, had made them all as "brothers of one family". As part of the celebrations, the government unveiled the monument, or ", at what is now Miyazaki Peace Park in the city of Miyazaki in November, constructed with stones pillaged from regions under Japanese occupation, including China and Korea.
Propaganda purposes
After Japan declared war on the Allies in December 1941, Allied governments produced several propaganda films citing the as evidence that the Japanese intended to conquer the entire world.To win the support of the conquered, Japanese propaganda included phrases such as "Asia for the Asians!" and emphasized about the perceived need to liberate Asian countries from imperialist powers. Japan's failure to win the war in China was blamed on European nations and the US exploiting their Asian colonies to assist Chinese forces, even though the Chinese received far more assistance from the Soviet Union. In some cases local populations welcomed Japanese troops when they invaded, initially seeing them as preferable to being ruled by Western colonial powers. The Japanese also indoctrinated their soldiers into believing that it was their duty to make Asians "strong again" through force, after being weakened by Western imperialism.
The official translation offered by contemporary leaders was "universal brotherhood", but it was widely acknowledged that that expression meant that the Japanese were "equal to the Caucasians but, to the peoples of Asia, we act as their leader".
Hence could be seen as a euphemism for Japanese supremacy. In fact, the brutality and the racism of the Japanese led the conquered to view the Japanese imperialists as being equal to or sometimes worse than Western imperialists. For example, the economies of most occupied territories were remanaged only to produce raw war materials for Japan.