Rudolf Schulten
Rudolf Schulten was a German physicist who was professor at RWTH Aachen University and the main developer of the pebble bed reactor design, which was originally invented by Farrington Daniels. Schulten's concept compacts silicon carbide-coated uranium granules into hard, billiard-ball-like graphite spheres to be used as fuel for a new high temperature, helium-cooled type of nuclear reactor.AVR reactor
The idea took root and in due course a 46 MWth experimental pebble bed reactor was built at the Jülich Research Centre in Jülich, West Germany. It operated for 21 years but was shut down in the wake of Chernobyl, and multiple safety issues.HTR-MODUL project
Some of the last pebble fuel tested in the AVR was for a low enriched uranium fuel cycle anticipated for use in the HTR-MODUL project design by Interatom/SIEMENS.Based on the AVR, South Africa along with international partners developed an updated version called the PBMR. The TRISO fuel elements could use either Thorium or U-235 in the form of LEU as fuel. The project was cancelled in 2010 due to lack of investment, even though the technology has essentially been completely developed.The technology is currently being developed mainly in China who currently operate a 10 MW test reactor of this type. The Chinese are, as of 2015, building a commercial pebble-bed reactor: HTR-PM, with two 100MWe reactors. One achieved a sustained chain reaction in Sept 2021.