French Guiana
French Guiana, or Guyane in French, is an overseas department and region of France located on the northern coast of South America in the Guianas and the West Indies. Bordered by Suriname to the west and Brazil to the east and south, French Guiana covers a total area of and a land area of. As of January 2026, it is home to 298,554 people.
French Guiana is the second-largest region of France, being approximately one-seventh the size of European France, and the largest outermost region within the European Union. It has a very low population density, with only. About half of its residents live in its capital, Cayenne. Approximately 98.9% of French Guiana is covered by forests, much of it primeval rainforest. Guiana Amazonian Park, the largest national park in the European Union, covers 41% of French Guiana's territory.
Since December 2015, both the region and department have been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a single territorial collectivity, the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity. This assembly, the French Guiana Assembly, replaced the former regional council and departmental council, which were dissolved. The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government. Its president is Gabriel Serville.
File:Panorama depuis l'île Royale.jpg|thumb|View from Salvation Islands, Kourou
Fully integrated in the French Republic since 1946, French Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the euro. A large part of French Guiana's economy depends on jobs and businesses associated with the presence of the Guiana Space Centre, now the European Space Agency's primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official language is standard French, but each ethnic community has its own language, of which French Guianese Creole, a French-based creole language, is the most widely spoken. French Guiana is the only territory on the continental mainland of the Americas that is still under the sovereignty of a European state.
The border between French Guiana and Brazil is the longest land border that France shares with another country, as well as one of only two borders that France shares with non-European states, the other being the border with Suriname in the west.
Name
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the name "Guyana" is an indigenous term meaning "land of many waters". The addition of the adjective "French" in most languages other than French is rooted in colonial times, when five such colonies had been named along the coast, subject to differing powers: namely Spanish Guiana, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana. French Guiana and the two larger countries to the west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as "the Guianas" and constitute one large landmass known as the Guiana Shield.History
Indigenous inhabitants and early French attempts at colonization
French Guiana was originally inhabited by indigenous people: Kalina, Lokono, Galibi, Palikur, Teko, Wayampi and Wayana. The French attempted to create a colony there in the 16th century in conjunction with its settlement of some Caribbean islands, such as Guadeloupe and Saint-Domingue.Prior to European colonization, the territory was originally inhabited by Native South Americans, most speaking the Arawak language, of the Arawakan language family. The people identified as Lokono. The first French establishment is recorded in 1503, but France did not establish a durable presence until colonists founded Cayenne in 1643.
Slavery and abolition
French Guiana was developed as a slave society, where planters imported Africans as enslaved labourers on large sugar and other plantations. The system of slavery in French Guiana continued until the French Revolution, when the National Convention voted to abolish the French slave trade and slavery in France's overseas colonies in February 1794, months after enslaved Haitians had started a slave rebellion in the colony of Saint-Domingue. However, the 1794 decree was only implemented in Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and French Guiana, while the colonies of Senegal, Mauritius, Réunion, Martinique and French India resisted the imposition of these laws.Early colonial failures
Bill Marshall, Professor of Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Stirling, wrote of French Guiana's origins:Île du Diable was the site of a small prison facility, part of a larger penal system by the same name, which consisted of prisons on three islands and three larger prisons on the mainland. This was operated from 1852 to 1953.
In addition, in the late nineteenth century, France began requiring forced residencies by prisoners who survived their hard labour. A Portuguese-British naval squadron took French Guiana for the Portuguese Empire in 1809. It was returned to France with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. Though Portugal returned the region to France, it kept a military presence until 1817.
After French Guiana was established as a penal colony, officials sometimes used convicts to catch butterflies. The sentences of the convicts were often long, and the prospect of employment very weak, so the convicts caught butterflies to sell in the international market, both for scientific purposes as well as general collecting.
Shifting sovereignty and border disputes
A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast area of jungle, resulting in the short-lived, pro-French, independent state of Counani in the disputed territory. There was some fighting among settlers. The dispute was resolved largely in favour of Brazil by the arbitration of the Swiss government.The territory of Inini consisted of most of the interior of French Guiana when it was created in 1930. In 1936, Félix Éboué from Cayenne became the first black man to serve as governor in a French colony.
World War II
During World War II and the fall of France to German forces, French Guiana became part of Vichy France. Guiana officially rallied to Free France on 16 March 1943. It abandoned its colony status and once again became a French department on 19 March 1946.Post World Wars
Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s after the First Indochina War, and the subsequent Vietnam War, France helped resettle several hundred Hmong refugees from Laos to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement after the communist takeover of Laos by Pathet Lao in 1975.In the late 1980s, more than 10,000 Surinamese refugees, mostly Maroons, arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the Surinamese Civil War.
More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian economic migrants. Illegal and ecologically destructive gold mining by Brazilian Gold mining is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana. The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest.
In 1964, French president Charles de Gaulle decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in Algeria and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the equator and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The Guiana Space Centre, located a short distance along the coast from Kourou, has grown considerably since the initial launches of the Véronique rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the Ariane 4, Ariane 5, and Ariane flight VA256, which launched the James Webb Space Telescope into space.
In 1996, high school students started an independence movement. In 1997, twelve independence leaders were deported to Guadeloupe, including Jean-Victor Castor, who was elected to the French National Assembly in 2022.
The Guianese General Council officially adopted a departmental flag in 2010. In a referendum that same year, almost 70% French Guiana voters voted against becoming an autonomous overseas collectivity. In a second referendum, transition to a "single territorial collectivity" under Article 73 of the Constitution was approved. Discussions continue concerning greater autonomy called "sui generis", similar to that of Corsica, within France.
On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure. 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana. Riots broke out in 2023 following the death of Nahel M in a Paris suburb, which resulted in the death of a government worker from mosquito control office who was on his balcony. President Macron visited the region in 2024 to commemorate French special forces major Arnaud Blanc who died during an operation against illegal gold mining in Maripasoula. Macron also announced funding for joint efforts with Brazil to protect the Amazon and recognized Brazilian Indigenous leader Raoni Metuktire with the Legion of Honor medal for efforts at conserving the rainforest. Macron also visited the Guiana Space Centre and met with mayors, parliamentarians and the president of Guyana before continuing to Brazil to discuss joint efforts to reduce illegal mining.
A new European Ariane 6 rocket was successfully launched from Kourou in 2025 allowing Europe independent access to space. In 2025 the French Ministry of Justice announced plans to build a prison in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni.
Geography
French Guiana lies between latitudes 2° and 6° N, and longitudes 51° and 55° W. It consists of two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and dense, near-inaccessible rainforest that gradually rises to the modest peaks of the Tumuc-Humac mountains along the Brazilian frontier. French Guiana's highest peak is Bellevue de l'Inini in Maripasoula. Other mountains include Mont Itoupé, Cottica Mountain, Pic Coudreau, and Kaw Mountain.Several small islands are found off the coast: the three Salvation's Islands, which include Devil's Island, and the isolated Îles du Connétable bird sanctuary further along the coast towards Brazil.
The Petit-Saut Dam, a hydroelectric dam in the north of French Guiana, forms an artificial lake and provides hydroelectricity. There are many rivers in French Guiana, including the Waki River.
, the Amazonian forest, located in the most remote part of the department, is protected as the Guiana Amazonian Park, one of the ten national parks of France. The territory of the park covers some upon the communes of Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaïchton, Saint-Élie and Saül.