Ribes

Ribes is a genus of approximately 200 known species of flowering plants, predominantly native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus includes species commonly referred to as redcurrants, blackcurrants, whitecurrants, and gooseberries. Several species are cultivated both for their edible fruit and as ornamental plants in horticulture. Ribes is the sole genus in the plant family Grossulariaceae.

Description

Ribes species are medium shrub-like plants with marked diversity in flowers and fruit. They have either palmately lobed or compound leaves, and some have thorns. The sepals of the flowers are larger than the petals, and fuse into a tube of saucer shape. The ovary is inferior, maturing into a berry with many seeds.

Taxonomy

Ribes is the single genus in the Saxifragales family Grossulariaceae. Although once included in the broader circumscription of Saxifragaceae sensu lato, it is now positioned as a sister group to Saxifragaceae sensu stricto.

Subdivision

First treated on a worldwide basis in 1907, the infrageneric classification has undergone many revisions, and even in the era of molecular phylogenetics there has been contradictory evidence. Although sometimes treated as two separate genera, Ribes and Grossularia, the consensus has been to consider it as a single genus, divided into a number of subgenera, the main ones of which are subgenus Ribes and subgenus Grossularia, further subdivided into sections. Janczewski considered six subgenera and eleven sections. Berger's twelve subgenera based on two distinct genera have subsequently been demoted to sections. Weigend elevated a number of sections to produce a taxonomy of seven subgenera; Ribes ''Coreosma, Calobotrya, Symphocalyx, Grossularioides, Grossularia, Parilla.
Taxonomy, according to Berger, modified by Sinnott :

Subgenus Ribes L. 8 sections
* Section Berisia Spach
* Section Calobotrya Jancz.
* Section Coreosma Jancz.
* Section Grossularioides Rehd.
* Section Heritiera Jancz.
* Section Parilla Jancz.
* Section Ribes L.
* Section Symphocalyx Berland.
Subgenus Grossularia Pers. 4 sections
* Section Grossularia Nutt.
* Section Robsonia Berland.
* Section Hesperia A.Berger
* Section Lobbia A. Berger

Some authors continued to treat Hesperia and Lobbia as subgenera. Early molecular studies suggested that subgenus Grossularia was actually embedded within subgenus Ribes. Analysis of combined molecular datasets confirms subgenus Grossularia as a monophyletic group, with two main lineages, sect. Grossularia and another clade consisting of glabrous gooseberies, including Hesperia, Lobbia and Robsonia. Other monophyletic groups identified were Calobotrya, Parilla, Symphocalyx and Berisia. However, sections Ribes, Coreosma and Heritiera'' were not well supported. Consequently, there is insufficient resolution to justify further taxonomic revision.

Species

There are around 200 species of Ribes. Selected species include:

Distribution and habitat

Ribes is widely distributed through the Northern Hemisphere, and also extending south in the mountainous areas of South America. Species can be found in meadows or near streams.

Ecology

Currants are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.

Cultivation

The genus Ribes includes the edible currants: blackcurrant, redcurrant, and white currant, as well as the European gooseberry, Ribes uva-crispa, and several hybrid varieties. It should not be confused with the dried currants used in cakes and puddings, which are from the Zante currant, a small-fruited cultivar of the grape Vitis vinifera. Ribes gives its name to the popular blackcurrant cordial Ribena.
The genus also includes the group of ornamental plants collectively known as the flowering currants, for instance, R. sanguineum.

United States

There are restrictions on growing some Ribes species in some U.S. states, as they are the main alternate host for white pine blister rust.

State	Restrictions
Connecticut	No longer restricted
Delaware	R. aureum and R. nigrum prohibited entirely. Shipment, transport, or propagation of all other Ribes species require a permit.
Maine	Planting or possession of R. nigrum prohibited statewide. All other Ribes species prohibited in certain counties and towns.
Maryland	No restrictions found; state agricultural extension service provides advice on currant and gooseberry culture.
Massachusetts	Transport of R. nigrum prohibited throughout the Commonwealth. Other species of Ribes require a permit, with the caveat that permits shall not issue for a list of municipalities that cover most of the Commonwealth.
Michigan	R. nigrum prohibited statewide. Other species of Ribes and Grossularia require a permit in the blister rust control area, which includes the entirety of the Upper Peninsula and the northern and western portions of the Lower Peninsula.
New Hampshire	All Ribes species prohibited without a permit. Permits are sometimes issued for rust-resistant cultivars.
New Jersey	Possession or transport of R. nigrum requires a permit statewide. Possession or movement of all Ribes and Grossularia species is prohibited in certain municipalities in Sussex, Passaic and Morris Counties. Grossularia and Ribes other than R. nigrum otherwise requires only compliance with general regulations on movement of nursery stock.
New York	All Ribes species are prohibited in nine counties of the Adirondack Mountains, and in many townships in the Adirondacks and Catskills. R. nigrum is prohibited throughout the state, except that cultivars known to be immune to Cronartium ribicola, the white pine blister rust, may be grown wherever other Ribes species are permitted.
North Carolina	All Ribes species prohibited. The North Carolina Forest Service maintains an active eradication program for Ribes in the western part of the state.
Ohio	Possession, transport, planting, propagation, sale or offering for sale of R. nigrum is prohibited. Cultivars known to be immune to Cronartium ribicola, the white pine blister rust, are exempt. The law does not prohibit other Ribes species.
Pennsylvania	PennState Extension states: "In 1933, Pennsylvania passed a law that limited growing gooseberries and currants in certain areas; however, the law is not enforced. Therefore, all Ribes can be grown in the state."
Rhode Island	R. nigrum, R. aureum, and R. odoratum are prohibited throughout the state. Other Ribes species require permits to transport or plant and are forbidden in some municipalities, or within 900 feet of a stand of five-leaved pines one acre or more in extent or a nursery cultivating five-leaved pines.
Vermont	New England Small Fruit Management Guide asserts that there are "No regulations at present."
Virginia	R. nigrum plants may not be moved to any destination in Virginia.
West Virginia	R. nigrum plants may not be moved to any destination in West Virginia. Other Ribes species are prohibited in 23 counties.

Uses

A number of species produce edible berries, some of which are categorized as currants and gooseberries.
Blackfoot people used blackcurrant root for the treatment of kidney diseases and menstrual and menopausal problems. The Cree used the fruit of Ribes glandulosum as a fertility enhancer to assist women in becoming pregnant.
European immigrants who settled in North America in the 18th century typically made wine from both red and white currants.

Books and theses

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