Gregory Breit


Gregory Breit was an American physicist born in Mykolaiv, Russian Empire. He was a professor at New York University, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Yale University, and University at Buffalo. In 1921, he was Paul Ehrenfest's assistant in Leiden University.

Biography

He was born in the city of Mykolaiv in the family of the teacher Abram Schneider. After the death of his mother in December 1911, his father left for the United States of America. Until 1915, Gregory studied at the Mykolaiv Oleksandrivska gymnasium. In 1915, he followed his father to USA. He studied at Johns Hopkins University: in 1918 he obtained a Bachelor degree, in 1920 a Master degree, and in 1921 he earned a PhD in physics. In 1921-1922, he worked as a researcher at Leiden University.
In 1922-1923, he was a research fellow at Harvard University. From 1923 to 1924, he was an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota. In 1925, while at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Breit joined with Merle Tuve in using a pulsed radio transmitter to determine the height of the ionosphere, a technique important later in radar development.
Together with Eugene Wigner, Breit gave a description of particle resonant states with the relativistic Breit–Wigner distribution in 1929, and with Edward Condon, he first described proton-proton dispersion. He is also credited with deriving the Breit equation. The Breit frame of reference is named after him. He was one of the first to notice the zitterbewegung in the solutions of the Dirac equation.
In 1934, together with John A. Wheeler, Breit described the Breit–Wheeler process. In 1939 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In April 1940, he proposed to the National Research Council that American scientists observe a policy of self-censorship due to the possibility of their work being used for military purposes by enemy powers in World War II.
During the early stages of the war, Breit was chosen by Arthur Compton to supervise the early design of the first atomic bomb during an early phase in what would later become the Manhattan Project. Breit resigned his position in 1942, feeling that the work was going too slowly and that there had been security breaches on the project; his job went to Robert Oppenheimer, who was later appointed to scientific director of what became Project Y, the design and testing of the weapon.
In 2014, experimentalists proposed a way to validate an idea by Breit and John A. Wheeler that matter formation could be achieved by interacting light particles.
Breit was associate editor of the Physical Review four times.
He was elected in 1923 a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He was awarded the Franklin Medal in 1964. In 1967, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.

Archival collections

Category:1899 births
Category:1981 deaths
Category:Jewish American physicists
Category:Jewish Russian physicists
Category:20th-century American physicists
Category:American nuclear physicists
Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni
Category:Manhattan Project people
Category:University at Buffalo faculty
Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Category:Yale University faculty
Category:National Medal of Science laureates
Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society
Category:20th-century American Jews
Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Category:Recipients of Franklin Medal