Greek Army uniforms
The modern Greek Army has a history of almost 200 years, during which it has undergone dramatic changes and been involved in some of the major conflicts on the European continent. The modern Greek military throughout its history was closely following international developments in equipment and uniforms. With the notable exception of the elite Evzones units, which based their uniforms on the indigenous traditional garments of the 18th century, the rest of the Army, as most militaries worldwide, was always quick to adopt the military fashion current among the armies of the influential Great Powers. This influence can be roughly divided in three periods: French-style uniforms, which dominated throughout the 19th century, the British styles introduced around World War I and used during World War II and until the late 1960s, and the "NATO" or US-style predominating from ca. 1968 onward. Various individual items or details can of course be traced to other influences, and there were also transitional uniforms combining previous designs.
Early 19th century
Greek War of Independence
The army that fought the Greek Revolution was composed primarily of irregulars, who followed their own military leaders or "captains", and had no uniform code of dress. The first uniformed Greek unit however was the short-lived Sacred Band formed by Alexander Ypsilantis in the Danubian Principalities. Its uniform was black, inspired by Russian models and the uniforms of Brunswick, including the death's head emblem on the men's visorless shakos.In Greece itself, uniforms of West European cut and black colour arrived in 1822, and were meant to be used by the newly established "Regular Corps". The Greeks however largely preferred their native garb, and only in 1825, when French Colonel Charles Fabvier assumed command of the regular forces, did a uniform, imported from Britain, begin to be used. It consisted of a blue coat, grey trousers, white leather equipment and a black leather, classically looking helmet. In 1828, Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias supplied the reorganised army with French-style uniforms, and issued a standardised version of the traditional dress for the irregular forces. His reforms however faltered after his assassination, and by 1832, for all intents and purposes, the regular Greek Army was non-existent.
Reign of King Otto
When the Bavarian prince Otto arrived in Greece, he was accompanied by a Bavarian Expeditionary Corps. The Greek Army was reorganised, and new, Bavarian-style uniforms, were issued, which in turn were greatly influenced by French and Russian models. The basic Line Infantry uniform was light blue, with white breeches during summer, with bright red collar, piping and cuff facings. Staff officers, Artillery and Engineer Corps soldiers wore a dark blue uniform, with red and black as the branch of service color for the Artillery and the Engineers respectively. A shako was worn as headdress, featuring the blue-white national cockade and King Otto's royal cypher, a crowned "O". The cavalry alone adopted a uniform based on that of the Polish lancers, in green with cherry red as its branch of service color. The "Phalanx", a special corps formed of pensioned officers of the Revolution, and the Mountain Guard battalions, wore standardised versions of the traditional garb, the former quite elaborate and embellished with gold embroidery, the latter plainer. A new uniform style was adopted in 1851, effectively copying the new French uniform styles, and was retained until after the ousting of Otto in 1862.Late 19th century (1868–1908)
The new uniform, adopted in 1869, remained faithful to the French style. The officers' dress uniform consisted of a dark blue, pocketless tunic with stand-up collar and epaulettes, with straight light blue trousers for line infantry and dark blue for other branches, while the shako was replaced by a kepi sporting a large feather plume for full dress. The cavalry again retained a separate uniform style, with dark green Hussar-style tunics and breeches, cherry red branch colour and silver braid. Other ranks wore a simplified version of the same uniform both as dress and field uniforms. For infantry, artillery and engineers this was characterized by short hip-length dark blue tunics with piping in the branch colour, white kepi covers in summer field dress and dark blue greatcoats in colder weather. The trousers were initially light grey, changing to a light blue shade about 1900. The leather equipment was black and of French design, to complement the standard-issue fusil Gras rifle. The officers' dress uniform was retained through subsequent changes in uniform styles, and continues in use today as the No. 1 uniform. Its modern use however is limited to those officers serving in the Army Academy.The officers' field uniform followed Austro-Hungarian models, with the tunic being dark blue woolen in winter and white cotton during the summer, featuring fly-hidden buttons and scalloped pocket flaps. There were no epaulettes; rank was exhibited on the collar with tabs and bullion stars. Breeches were worn with high leather boots. French-style leather equipment and a sabre were carried in battle.
The Evzone battalions were also formed at the time, and acquired a uniform very similar to the one still used today as the ceremonial dress of the Presidential Guard.
Around the [Balkan Wars] (1908–1915)
Following the humiliating defeat of 1897 by the Ottomans, the urgent need for modernisation was felt by both the Government and the Staff of the Greek Army. The idea of khaki uniforms was introduced, just a few years after the British had introduced their service dress, making Greece one of the first group of countries to adopt a modern look for its military. The use of off-white and drab uniforms was already common for summer use by officers, who traditionally had the option of choosing privately tailored items. It was soon expanded with the universal introduction of the khaki 1908 model for other ranks.This uniform included a near-copy of the British four-pocket tunic of the time, in olive green wool cloth or serge, with the addition of pipings and removable shoulder boards in branch-of-service colour cloth. Brass-metal buttons were used for the majority of uniforms. The trousers were straight with side-seam pipings in branch colours, designed to cover the ankle lace-boots. However, on campaign the majority of soldiers found this to be a cumbersome arrangement and used cloth puttees or stuffed the trouser bottoms into their boots to hold them tight. A khaki single-breasted greatcoat was issued for winter. The black equipment was also replaced by a natural-brown leather set.
The first type of headgear was a German-style peaked cap, but this was soon replaced by the older French-style kepi but now in khaki wool and leather chinstrap, adorned with branch-pipings and an embroidered Greek royal cockade. In periods of mobilization older stocks continued being used for auxiliary units, mainly older caps and items of black leather. Minor variations of the 1908 uniform and equipment were issued to specialist units, e.g. breeches, high-boots and bandoliers to cavalry troopers.
Similar developments followed with the officers' uniforms. After a period of unstandardised changes, these settled on the model 1910. Their smart tunic was made in a higher quality olive-green wool, incorporating the internal scalloped pockets and standing collar of the Austrian army, but with branch pipings and Russian-style rank boards. The headgear was a khaki kepi with leather peak, gold-metal pipings and a bullion-cockade, and the pants were piped riding breeches, usually worn with high boots or ankle boots and puttees. The equipment was brown leather, with a French-style pistol holster and a binocular case. During this period, all officers took their sabres on campaign.
Between 1908 and 1910 the blue and green coloured uniforms were phased out and replaced by khaki for other ranks. Officers, Evzones on duty in Athens and cadets at the Military Academy retained ceremonial uniforms which remained more or less the same as those in use at the start of the 20th century; in navy-blue or dark green with gold or silver officer's braiding. Full dress uniforms were worn with the historical kepi in elaborate designs. This survived as the "great uniform", virtually unchanged until the 1960s.
During World War I and Greco-Turkish War (1915–1922)
The years 1913–1915 saw the introduction of many non-standard and transitional officer's uniforms, until finally, the new khaki wool model 1915 uniforms were introduced. These entailed minor changes to the other ranks' uniform, mainly simplification by removing most coloured decorations, introducing collar tabs in branch-colour and the standard issue of cloth puttees. Branch colours were revised to the following for easier identification ; blue for Engineers and Air Corps; raspberry red for Supply; brown for Ordnance; crimson for Medical Corps & Veterinary officers; orange for Pay Corps.The officers' uniform changed though significantly, adopting the changes that were already implemented by King Constantine and his staff in their private tunics, plus a return to the German-style cap that Constantine preferred. The new tunic was more practical for campaign, closer to the modern French and British styles. Wider-cut, it had bigger, external pockets pleated on the breast, scalloped flaps and stand and fall collar. The pipings were replaced by a pair of branch-colour collar tabs with metal buttons and the Russian boards were replaced by smaller straps. The highly visible cap metal pipings were replaced with subdued rank stripes of brown colour. The old-style leather equipment was replaced by a fashionable Sam Browne and a Webley revolver-style holster.
The only major change introduced to the above uniform with the entry of Greece to the war in 1917, was the return of the kepi by the revolutionary government of Salonika. The kepi thus came to represent the Venizelos faction in the course of the National Schism against the Royalist government of Athens, and symbolised the alliance with the French-led Entente. When Constantine left in exile, the new government phased-in the kepi headgear for all the Army officers. Other items of French origin saw widespread use during these wars, including the Lebel rifle leather equipment, the Adrian helmet, painted dark olive and the bonnet de police in khaki wool. This uniform was used in Ukraine and Asia Minor, along with stocks of French World War I style that were rushed in to equip the excess troops. The main khaki service dress remained virtually unchanged until the late thirties.