Barito languages
The Barito languages are around twenty Austronesian languages of Indonesia, plus Malagasy, the national language of Madagascar, and the Sama–Bajaw languages around the Sulu Archipelago. They are named after the Barito River located in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
The Barito subgroup was first proposed by Hudson, comprising the three branches East Barito, West Barito, and Mahakam . It is thought by some to be a Sprachbund rather than a genuine clade. For example, Adelaar rejects Barito as a valid group despite accepting less traditional groups such as North Bornean and Malayo-Sumbawan.
The Malagasy language originates from the South East Borneo area, and it has been linked to Ma'anyan within the Southeast Barito group, with Malagasy incorporating numerous Indonesian-Malay and Javanese loanwords. It is known that Ma'anyan people were brought as labourers and slaves by Malay and Javanese people in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 AD. Based on linguistic evidence, it has been suggested that Malagasy was taken to East Africa between the 7th and 13th centuries. It is likely that a separate Malagasy speech community had already formed in Borneo before the early Malagasy migrants settled in Madagascar.
Greater Barito
Blust proposes that the Sama-Bajaw languages also derive from the Barito lexical region, though not from any established group, and Ethnologue has followed, calling the resulting group 'Greater Barito'.Smith proposes a Greater Barito linkage with the following branches, and considers Basap to be a sister of the Greater Barito linkage, forming a Basap–Greater Barito group.
- Basap–Greater Barito
- *Basap
- *Greater Barito
- **Northwest Barito
- **Southwest Barito
- **Sama–Bajaw
- **Southeast Barito
- **Central-East Barito
- **Northeast Barito
- **Tunjung