Great Karimun
Great Karimun, also known as Mawas Island, is one of the islands in the Riau Islands province of Indonesia, administratively part of Karimun Regency. It lies about 37 km southwest of Singapore, 54 km west of Batam, 24 km northeast of Rangsang Island and 32 km north of Kundur Island.
History
In the past, Great Karimun Island was the destination of foreign traders and the Malay Kings. Sixteenth century Portuguese reports claimed that the island was inhabited, possibly by the Orang Laut. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the island was part of the Johor Sultanate then the Riau-Lingga Sultanate.Around 1615 agents of the Dutch East India Company inspected the northwestern coast of the island for the possible construction of a fortification. The proposed fort, however, was never built. Two centuries later, Colonel William Farquhar surveyed the island after receiving permission from the Bugis Raja Muda of Johor, Raja Ja'afar. Although Karimun was deemed to be of great strategic value at the confluence of the Singapore and Melaka Straits, it was found to have insufficient sources fresh water, rocky land and inhospitable harbour which was unsuitable to sustain a British trading post and a settlement.
Geography
The island's main town is Tanjung Balai Karimun, usually just called Karimun, situated at the southern end of the island. As at the 2020 Census, the regency of Karimun had a population of 253,457 with the majority of the people living on Great Karimun and its adjacent small islands; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 263,344, projected to rise to 266,009 at mid 2025; of these, 152,809 lived on Great Karimun in mid 2023. The great majority of the population live in the south of the island, notably in the highly urbanised districts of Karimun and Meral, but there are significant industrial developments all along the west coast, including an oil terminal and a shipyard. Notable landmarks on the island include Mount Jantan, the beaches of Pelawan, Ketam and Pongkar, and the Pongkar Waterfall.The island is divided into four districts - Karimun, Meral, Tebing and Meral Barat . They are sub-divided into 19 urban and three rural villages.
| Kode Wilayah | Name of Kelurahan or desa | Area in km2 | Pop'n Estimate mid 2023 |
| 21.02.03.1001 | Tanjung Balai | 0.91 | 7,453 |
| 21.02.03.1002 | Teluk Air | 11.12 | 6,568 |
| 21.02.03.1003 | Sungai Lakam Timur | 1.42 | 9,905 |
| 21.02.03.1006 | Lubuk Semut | 1.48 | 6,147 |
| 21.02.03.1007 | Tanjung Balai Kota | 0.67 | 6,192 |
| 21.02.03.1008 | Sungai Lakam Barat | 1.24 | 11,500 |
| Sub-totals | Karimun District | 16.84 | 47,765 |
| 21.02.04.1001 | Meral Kota | 0.71 | 7,569 |
| 21.02.04.1002 | Baran Barat | 1.77 | 9,983 |
| 21.02.04.1003 | Sungai Raya | 5.50 | 7,587 |
| 21.02.04.1007 | Sungai Pasir | 5.98 | 12,076 |
| 21.02.04.1006 | Baran Timur | 1.89 | 9,492 |
| 21.02.04.1008 | Parit Benut | 9.67 | 6,548 |
| Sub-totals | Meral District | 25.57 | 53,255 |
| Kode Wilayah | Name of Kelurahan or desa | Area in km2 | Pop'n Estimate mid 2023 |
| 21.02.05.1001 | Tebing | 4.24 | 8,116 |
| 21.02.05.1002 | Teluk Uma | 2.38 | 6,626 |
| 21.02.05.1003 | Kapling | 1.42 | 5,537 |
| 21.02.05.1004 | Pamak | 7.04 | 5,446 |
| 21.02.05.2007 | Pongkar | 33.14 | 3,423 |
| 21.02.05.1008 | Harjosari | 4.54 | 5,396 |
| Sub-totals | Tebing District | 52.76 | 34,544 |
| 21.02.10.1001 | Pasir Panjang | 6.97 | 5,236 |
| 21.02.10.1002 | Darusalam | 28.73 | 4,887 |
| 21.02.10.2003 | Pangke | 6.75 | 3,988 |
| 21.02.10.2004 | Pangke Barat | 11.80 | 3,134 |
| Sub-totals | Meral Barat District | 54.25 | 17,245 |
| Totals | Karimun Island | 149.42 | 152,809 |
Economics
The island has strategic geographical importance, as it is near the Straits of Malacca, an international shipping route. As the island is strategically located at the border of Singapore and Johor, Karimun being a part of the Riau Islands is also included in the SIJORI Growth Triangle partnership. SIJORI Growth Triangle is a strategic partnership among Singapore, Johor and the Riau Islands that combines the individual and collective strength to improve the subregion's attractiveness to investors from both the region and internationally. SIJORI links the infrastructure, capital, expertise and rich culture of Singapore with the natural resources, lands and labour resources of Johor and the Riau Islands.However, due to the stronger ties between Singapore and Malaysia, Karimun is losing its economic attraction to Singaporean investments. Another reason for the loss in attractiveness is the lack of adequate infrastructure in Karimun, especially the electricity supply and the lack of transparency in the government administration.
Natural resources
Due to large scale indiscriminate fishing activity near the island recently, fish stocks have been depleted, and thus the fishing businesses have declined considerably.The main export of the island is its granite which is one of the best quality in the world.
Sand has also been constantly exported, mainly to Singapore for land reclamation. Indonesian has however limited sand exports over concerns with Singapore's reclamation projects, and banned them outright in the beginning of 2007.
Transportation
The island has many type of public transportation such as oplet which is a van to carry people from one place to another, Sei Bati Airport, which has regular flights to and from Pekanbaru, Port of Tanjung Balai which has regular ferries to and from overseas such as Singapore, Malaysia etc, and Rakyat Sri Tanjung Gelam Karimun harbour, which serve domestic route.The peoples in the island also used their own motorcycle and cars for transport from one place to another.