Gough's Cave

Gough's Cave is located in Cheddar Gorge on the Mendip Hills, in Cheddar, Somerset, England. The cave is deep and is long,
and contains a variety of large chambers and rock formations. It contains the Cheddar Yeo, the largest underground river system in Britain. Archaeologically, the cave is known for an occupation by late Upper Paleolithic Magdalenian peoples around 14,700 years ago, whose remains in the cave show evidence of the practice of cannibalism and the production of skull cups, and the considerably younger Mesolithic skeleton of Cheddar Man, dating to around 10,300 years ago.

History

The initial sections of the cave, previously known as Sand Hole, were accessible prior to the 19th century. Between 1892 and 1898 a retired sea captain, Richard Cox Gough, who lived in Lion House in Cheddar, found, excavated and opened to the public further areas of the cave, up to Diamond Chamber, which is the end of the show cave today. Electric lighting was installed in the show caves in 1899.
The cave is susceptible to flooding often lasting for up to 48 hours, however in the Great Flood of 1968 the flooding lasted for three days.
The extensive flooded parts of the cave system were found and explored between 1985 and 1990.

Access and description

The first of the cave are open to the public as a show cave, and this stretch contains most of the more spectacular formations. The greater part of the cave's length is made up of the river passage, which is accessible only by cave diving.

Beyond the show cave

Gough's cave contains long stretches of completely flooded river passage. From a point relatively close to the areas of the cave open to the public, the cave-divers' descent into Sump 1a begins through a tight passage known as Dire Straits. The bottom of that passage opens into the river passage, which is several metres across. This has been explored for downstream, whilst upstream a dive of brings the diver out in a long chamber named Lloyd Hall.
Another dive of through Sump 1b, finishing with an ascent through a rising passage, leads to another chamber, long and wide at its widest point, and full of large boulders, called Bishop's Palace. This chamber is the largest chamber currently found in the Cheddar caves. Further on, three sump pools lead to Sump 2 which is about deep at its lowest point and long.
Air is again reached at Sheppard's Crook, which is followed by Sump 3. This sump is deep and at its bottommost point is about below sea level. Following Sump 3, a wide ascending passage continues for before reaching an impassable blockage, still below the water's surface.

Sump	Length of dive	Depth	Emerging into
Sump 1a			Lloyd Hall
Sump 1b		?	Bishop's Palace
Sump 2	with airbells		Sheppard's Crook
Sump 3			Passage blocked

Magdalenian occupation

The cave contained skeletal remains of animals and of humans, indicating that the cave was occupied for a relatively brief period by Magdalenian peoples towards the end of the last ice age, when conditions had become warm enough for humans to return to Britain after northern Europe became uninhabitable around the Last Glacial Maximum. A 2009 study concluded that the occupation almost certainly took place between 14,970 and 14,640 years Before Present, around the time of the onset of the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial, though a later 2025 study suggested the occupation may have actually occurred a few centuries prior. Both human and animals remains show cut-marks and breakage consistent with de-fleshing and eating. Skull fragments represent from 5 to 7 humans, including a young child of about 3 years and two adolescents. The brain cases appear to have been prepared into skull cups to be used as drinking cups or containers, a tradition found in other Magdalenian sites across Europe.
The remains currently reside in the Natural History Museum in London, with a replica in the Cheddar Man and the Cannibals Museum in the Gorge. Other human remains have also been found in the cave.
Upper Palaeolithic stone tools found in the cave are a mixture of late Magdalenian and Federmesser type. Evidence has been found for "soft hammers" of bone being used to work stone, as well as teeth being used as "pressure flakers" for fine shaping. A perforated baton, made of reindeer antler, was found in Gough's Cave, these hole-bearing artifacts have an unclear purpose, but several uses have been proposed, including the production of rope. A "bevel-based rod" made of woolly mammoth ivory has also been found.

Genetics

In 2022 nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from a female found in the cave were analysed. Like human remains from other Magdalenian sites, her genome is affiliated with the ~19,000–14,000-year-old Goyet Q2 genetic cluster.

Diet and environment

Isotopic analysis on the remains showed a diet consisting of terrestrial herbivores such as red deer, aurochs and wild horse, with remains of red deer and wild horse being the predominant animal remains found in the cave. The environment surrounding the cave around the time of the Magdalenian occupation thought to have been steppe-like, as indicated by remains of species such as the saiga antelope, with animals like ptarmigan, Arctic fox, Norway lemming, Tundra vole and Arctic lemming indicating a relatively cold climate.

Treatment of corpses

The Magdalenian human skulls found at Gough's cave were carefully processed using stone tools to produce "skull cups", likely used as ritual drinking cups or bowls. 3D microscopy analysis of the bones also shows that the human remains had systematically been butchered and defleshed using the same tools and techniques used on animal bones. Human remains in the cave also show gnawing marks made by human teeth, as well as being fragmented likely to extract marrow, which have been generally taken as clear evidence for the practice of cannibalism. Evidence of similar cannibalistic practices have been found at a dozen other Magdalenian sites across Europe, including Grotte du Placard, Courbet Cave and Isturitz in France, Brillenhöhle and Hohle Fels in Germany and Maszycka Cave in Poland. The butchery and consumption of human remains was likely undertaken as a group activity. It has been proposed that the Magdalenian peoples inhabiting the cave were engaging in ritual endocannibalism, consuming members of the group's own community as a funerary act following their deaths.

Cheddar Man

In 1903 the remains of a human male, since named Cheddar Man, were found a short distance inside Gough's Cave. He is Britain's oldest complete human skeleton, having been dated to the Mesolithic, approximately 10,564–9,915 calibrated years Before Present. His genetic markers suggested that he probably had green eyes, lactose intolerance, dark curly or wavy hair, and, less certainly, dark to very dark skin. Further genetic analysis shows that he is part of the Western Hunter-Gatherer population, and not closely related to the much earlier Magdalenian individuals found in the same cave. About 85% of his ancestry can be modelled as coming from the ~14,000–7,000-year-old Villabruna genetic cluster, and only c. 15% from the Goyet Q2 cave cluster which is associated with Magdalenian culture.