Kainantu–Goroka languages
The Kainantu–Goroka languages are a family of Papuan languages established by Arthur Capell in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East [New Guinea Highlands] family, and are one of the larger branches of Trans–New Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.
Languages
The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are:- Goroka family
- * Daulo
- ** Siane, Yaweyuha
- ** Gahuku: Alekano, Asaro River: Dano, Tokano
- * Benabena
- * South Goroka: Fore, Gimi
- * Isabi, Gende
- * Henganofi
- **Abaga
- **Kamono
- **Fayatina River
- ***Kanite, Inoke-Yate
- ***Yagaria
- **
- Kainantu family
- * Kenati
- *Tairoric : Binumarien, Tairoa, Waffa
- * Gauwa
- **Gadsup, Agarabi, Kambaira
- **Awa [Papuan language|Awa], Oweina
- **Auyana: Awiyaana, Usarufa
Pronouns
The possessive forms are:
Modern reflexes
Kainantu–Goroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea etyma are:Awa [language (Papua New Guinea)|Awa language]:
- are 'ear' < *kandkkam 'breast' < *amu
- nume 'louse' < *niman
- kubu 'short' < *ktuaC
- mi- 'give' < *mV-
- na- 'eat' < *na-
- numaa 'louse' < *niman
- mi- 'give' < *mV-
- amune 'egg' < *munka
- kasa 'new' < *kVndak
- mone 'nose' < *mundu
- ami 'breast' < *amu
- mut 'belly' < *mundun 'internal organs'
- mina- 'stay' < *mVna-
- nogoi 'water < *ok
- nima 'louse' < *niman
- me-'' 'give' < *mV-
- *tá '1pl' replaces pTNG *ni, *nu
- *tá-na '2pl' replaces pTNG *ŋgi, *ja
- genitive forms ending in *-i
Vocabulary comparison
Despite the presence of reconstructions in the left column, the words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate or not.
Kainantu basic vocabulary from William A. Foley :