Gong language


The Gong language is an endangered Tibeto-Burman language of Western Thailand, spoken in isolated pockets in Uthai Thani and Suphanburi provinces.

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

History

The ethnic group was first known to Westerners in the 1920s, when the language was already considered in severe decline. In the 1970s, David Bradley began working on the language in the several areas where it was still used, by which time it was already extinct in two of the locations given by Kerr about 50 years earlier. The people were then forced from two of these villages when the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand built dams over the Kwae Yai and Khwae Noi River. Because of the displacement of the people of an already declining language, the language is considered especially vulnerable to extinction. The last children speakers were in the 1970s and the children now speak Thai as their first language.

Classification

The classification of Gong within Tibeto-Burman is uncertain, although Bradley suggests that it is a divergent Lolo-Burmese language that does not fit into either the Burmish or Loloish branches. Hsiu considers Gong to be a separate branch of Tibeto-Burman, rather than part of Lolo-Burmese.

Dialects

The Gong language consists of two dialects.
Gong was once also spoken in western Kanchanaburi province, but is now extinct in that province. Word lists of two Gong varieties from Kanchanaburi have been collected by Kerr.

Distribution

Gong families now live in the following 3 villages.
There are around 500 ethnic Gong people and 50 speakers of the Gong language. There are also many Lao Krang people living in the Gong areas.

Former locations

Gong used to be much more widespread, and was found in the Khwae Noi River, Khwae Yai River, and Bo Phloi River watersheds. It was reportedly spoken in locations including:
  • Kanchanaburi province
  • *Lat Ya
  • *Thong Pha Phum District
  • *Ban Lawa
  • *Sao Hong, 10 kilometres south of Bo Phloi
  • *Phanom Thuan District
  • *Bo Phloi, Nong Pling, Lam Iso, Nong Li, and Nong Plue
  • *Khlot Khoi
  • Suphanburi province
  • *Tumakok, Dan Chang District, Suphanburi province
  • *Sanakphai, Suphanburi province
  • *Wang Khwai, Suphanburi province
  • Uthai Thani province
  • *Ban Bung, Ban Rai District
  • *Thong Lang, Huai Khot District
  • *Iphung, Cawat, and Huai Haeng
In Kanchanaburi province, many Gong have intermarried with Karen and Mon people. Sisawat and Sangkhlaburi have since been flooded by the construction of a dam, and the speakers have been dispersed to other places. As of 1991 in Kanchanaburi province, Gong has not been spoken for 20–30 years, with most Gong people speaking Thai or Karen instead.

Grammar

Gong has SOV word order.