Galbulimima belgraveana
Galbulimima belgraveana is a tropical forest tree with hallucinogenic properties. Its common names include agara 'white magnolia and pigeonberry ash'. It is native to northeastern Australia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea.
Description
An unbuttresssed, tropical forest tree, of magnolia-like appearance, reaching a height of 27m. Bark circa 1cm thick, greyish-brown, scaly, highly aromatic. The leaves are elliptic and entire, glossy, metallic green above and brown-felted beneath, 11-15cm in length by 5-7cm in breadth. The curious yellowish flowers lack both petals and sepals, but have numerous petaloid stamens protruding from a rusty brown calyx. The reddish, fleshy and fibrous fruit is globose to ellipsoidal in shape and circa 2cm in diameter.Hallucinogenic use
In Papua, the bark and leaves of the tree, alone or in combination with other species such as Homalomena, are boiled together to prepare a tea. This tea is said to cause violent intoxication, followed by deep sleep with vivid dreams and visions.William Emboden gives a somewhat different account both of the use and of the effects of the Galbulimima/Homalomena mixture, observing that, on occasion, the plant parts involved may simply be chewed together and placing the sequence of effects in a different order, in which "fits of violent intoxication accompanied by spectacular visions and dream-like states" terminate eventually in "a deep somnolence".
The experiment of Ogia and Lucy Hamilton Reid
The most important primary source in the history of the study of the hallucinogenic use of G. belgraveana is the account of a "bioassay" undertaken by a local inhabitant of Okapa named Ogia, at the suggestion of nutritionist Lucy Hamilton Reid, a pioneer in the study of the mystery disease kuru. In the year 1957, the Australian dietician Lucy Hamilton conducted an experiment at Okapa in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea to observe the effects upon local resident Ogia of chewing two local plant drugs: a substance called "agara" bark, identified as the species Galbulimima belgraveana Sprague and a species belonging to the Araceous genus Homalomena French ethnobotanist Jacques Barrau was also present as an observer while this experiment was taking place.The experiment was not a strictly-controlled one involving Galbulimima bark alone, but rather a demonstration by Ogia of his simultaneous use of no fewer than four local psychoactive drugs: he chewed and swallowed about eight pieces of agara bark "about the size of a penny". While he was doing this, he also ate the dried leaves of ereriba, chewed some ginger and smoked some tobacco.
The effects of the chewing and smoking manifested themselves soon afterward: Ogia's arms and upper body began to tremble "like a kuru meri". A few minutes later he suddenly became agitated, knocking everything from a table top to the floor and having to be restrained from doing further damage to his surroundings: despite having been placed in handcuffs he threatened various people with a stick and tried to appropriate a workman's knife. So concerned were those trying to restrain him that they urged the women of the settlement to keep their children indoors in case he should harm them.
Hamilton was struck by the profound change wrought in Ogia by his simultaneous use of the four drugs: "from a pleasant mild little man, he had suddenly become a crazed being". She noted that, while intoxicated, "the pupils of his eyes were mere pinpoints", without, however drawing the possible inference that the cocktail of drugs taken by Ogia could have exerted acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Miosis can also be symptomatic of intoxication by nicotine and intoxication by opioids. Polydrug use, as described in this instance, also opens up the possibility of drug synergy involving aspects including potentiation and bioavailability.