Furness Railway

The Furness Railway was a railway company operating in the Furness area of Lancashire in North West England.

History

Formation

In the early 1840s, the owners of iron ore mines in the Furness district of Lancashire became interested in a waggonway from their mines to Barrow; the project was adopted and expanded by the Walter [Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch|Duke of Buccleuch] and the Earl of Burlington. Advertisements in 1843 announced a scheme, supported by their Lordships, for a Furness Railway to link Ulverston 'the capital of the district', iron ore mines and slate mines with the coast at Barrow harbour and at Piel pier. Traffic on the line would be horse-drawn, but the line was to be laid out to allow easy conversion to the use of steam power.
A survey had already been carried out by James Walker. "The primary object of this undertaking" explained a subsequent advertisement "is to improve the present very dilatory provision for the transport of the valuable Mineral products of Furness and adjoining Districts to the Coast" but it was noted from the start that much of the line would form part of any coastal route north from Lancaster.
The subscription to the company was largely taken up by the duke and the earl, and their associates; although there were some local subscribers – Henry Schneider was on the company's provisional committee – failure to attract local capital meant that the original intention to serve Ulverston was dropped. The company's bill was not opposed in Parliament and the act was given royal assent on 23 May 1844 as the Furness Railway Act 1844. A further act in 1846 authorised extensions from Kirkby to Broughton-in-Furness, and from Dalton to Ulverston. Goods traffic began running between Dalton and Barrow in June 1846, operated by a single locomotive. The line was passed for passenger use early in August 1846; by the end of the month, passenger trains were running from Dalton to Piel pier, connecting with a steamer to Fleetwood.
At a celebratory excursion and dinner for the directors and friends held at the end of October 1846, it was remarked that the mineral traffic was limited by a shortage of wagons and of locomotives, and that 10,000 of the 12,000 passengers carried so far were excursionists from Fleetwood or Blackpool. Passenger services ceased after about two months, and the line between Dalton and Rampside Junction was doubled to remove the difficulties experienced in working both mineral and passenger traffic on a single track line. In 1847, differences between the railway company and the owner of Piel pier saw the Fleetwood steamer running to Barrow; it returned to Piel pier in 1848; subsequently, steamers also ran between Piel pier and Poulton-le-Sands, connecting with the "Little" North Western Railway. Periodic disagreements and reconciliations saw the steamer service terminal switch between Piel and Barrow on a number of occasions until the Furness Railway bought the pier.

Extensions

The Kirkby branch was extended to Broughton, passing inspection for passenger traffic at the end of February 1848; when a Broughton to Barrow train was derailed by mis-set points in July 1849, it was noted that "nearly all the gates and points on the Furness line are attended by women" and that a woman had the management of the points which had been mis-set. The Dalton branch was extended to Lindal and then on to Ulverston, eight waggons of coal being delivered there from Whitehaven in April 1854, even before the station was complete. Passenger services on that section began in June 1854. In 1854, 330,000 tons of iron ore travelled over the railway, other goods traffic was up from 22,000 tons in 1853 to 40,000 tons, and there were 145,000 passenger movements ; the company declared a dividend at a rate of 6% a year.
Copper mining interests at Coniston promoted the Coniston Railway, running from the Furness Railway at Broughton to Coniston and on to the copper mines. The line was nominally independent of the, but the Duke of Devonshire was its chairman; the took shares in it, and worked it. It opened for passenger traffic 19 July 1859, although its opening for goods and mineral traffic was deferred for some months as the provision was still incomplete. The Furness Railway obtained an act of Parliament, the Coniston Railways Amalgamation Act 1862">Coniston, Cumbria">Coniston Railways Amalgamation Act 1862 giving powers to amalgamate the Coniston Railway with it in 1862.
A branch was built from the Leven Viaduct to Greenodd then through Newby Bridge to a terminus beside Windermere at Finsthwaite; the locality had been known as The Landing, but the station was named Lake-side. The line opened June 1869; a company part-owned by the ran Windermere steamer services in conjunction with the trains; a Bowness resident promptly writing to The Times to query the absence of lifeboats on the steamers.

Connections and acquisitions

Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway

The Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway was completed in November 1851, connecting the Furness Railway to Whitehaven and to the West Coast Main Line at Carlisle. In 1865, the was leased by the Furness Railway, with a full amalgamation taking effect on 1 July 1866, being authorised by the . The secretary-manager of the W&FJR became secretary of the Furness Railway, whose general manager was promoted to the board of the company, retaining his salary but now being styled 'resident director'. The Furness Railway now extended to Whitehaven, with running powers to Workington, and to the iron works on the North side of the Derwent there. The also inherited the W&FJR's involvement in the Cleator and Furness Railway, a joint line with the Whitehaven Cleator and Egremont Railway, authorised by the Cleator and Furness Railway Act 1866, linking the at Egremont with the W&FJR at Sellafield to simplify the movement of ore southwards; this line opened on 1 August 1869.
In 1865, before the lease and amalgamation, the W&FJR and the had put forward rival bills for crossing the Duddon estuary much lower down it than the existing crossing at Foxfield, thus usefully shortening the rail distance between Whitehaven and Barrow. The parliamentary committee had decided in favour of the W&FJR, and the scheme was inherited by the. However, in 1868 the decided to abandon the project: there was a trade recession and the had recently made major capital outlays on the Furness and Midland line and the construction of wet docks at Barrow : an act of Parliament, the Furness Railway Act 1869 sanctioning the abandonment was obtained in 1869, but the had henceforth to charge on the basis of the mileages if the crossing had been built. After the discovery of a large hematite deposit in the Holborn Hill area, the line between Millom and Barrow was doubled throughout; the line between Seascale and Bootle was also doubled.

Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway

The Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway was built by a separate company to link Ulverston with, on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway thus giving a rail link southwards from Furness and West Cumbria to the West Coast Main Line so that – as the Earl of Burlington noted at a celebratory banquet marking the opening of the line on 26 August 1857 – they "were now joined in the great network of the rest of England", allowing a lucrative goods traffic:
In 1858, after completion of the U&LR, modifications were made to the junctions at Foxfield and at Millwood to allow through running of Whitehaven-Carnforth traffic without reversing.
From its opening, the U&LR was worked by the Furness Railway, which purchased it in 1862, taking over the Ulverston Canal Company in the same year. The line from Barrow to Ulverston was already double-track, and the line between Ulverston and Carnforth was doubled in 1863.

Furness and Midland Joint Railway

In 1863, in conjunction with the Midland Railway, the promoted a bill for the Furness and Midland Joint Railway between Wennington and Carnforth; the intention was said to be to give a more direct connection between the iron ore of Furness and Yorkshire ironworks and coal-mines. The London and North Western Railway cast doubt on this, pointing out that Furness got its metallurgical coke from South Durham over the Stainmore line and exported most of its ore to districts better served by the LNWR, but withdrew its objection on being offered the same powers as the Midland over the. The F&MJR opened for passenger traffic 6 June 1867; it was worked by the Midland. The secured an act of Parliament, the , for the construction of the Hincaster Branch from to the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway at Hincaster. This single-track line was intended to shorten the distance to Barrow for the coke traffic over Stainmore. In 1870, the brought forward, and then abandoned, a bill authorising abandonment of the project; construction was pursued with no great urgency, the line not opening until June 1876.

Lines in the West Cumberland ore-field

The objected when in 1877 the Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont Railway agreed terms for its amalgamation with the London and North Western Railway ; instead as of July 1879 the WC&ER became a joint line of the Furness and the LNWR. The also bought shares in the Cleator and Workington Junction Railway, and worked the main line of the C&WJR.

Development of Barrow

The Furness Railway's prosperity came originally from the export of haematite ore, but the growth of heavy industry at Barrow became a significant contributor. In 1867, The Engineer explained why the demand for Furness haematite had formerly been limited:
It had been reported that in 1856, 464,823 tons of iron ore were raised in Furness "of which 445,013 tons were carried over the Furness Railway and shipped at Barrow, 16,290 on the Ulverston canal, and 3,550 consumed at the Charcoal Iron Furnaces and at the Low Furness Iron and Steel Works. Of the ore carried over the Furness line 200,000 tons are sent to Wales, and the remainder to the Staffordshire, Cleveland and West Riding Iron districts."
A very small village at Barrow grew into one of about 2,000 serving the ore-export facility there, with the Furness Railway effectively responsible for the settlement. The took over Barrow Harbour from its commissioners in 1863 to allow the construction of wet docks at Barrow; it obtained powers in the Furness Gas and Waterworks Act 1864 to supply Barrow and the surrounding district with gas and water.
Barrow grew rapidly in the 1860s, as The Engineer noted:
It gave two reasons:
The first blast furnaces had been brought into operation at Barrow in 1859. Proximity to mines, and to Barrow harbour, and "the advantage of obtaining coke and coal as return freights from the places to which hematite ore was carried" had allowed "extraordinary economy and consequent commercial success.”:

Witnesses for the Furness and Midland Joint Bill reported that in 1862 over 535,000 tons of iron ore had been raised in Furness and over 90,000 tons of pig iron produced in local blast furnaces.
In 1860, there were four blast furnaces in operation at Barrow, with the number increasing to seven in 1862, ten in 1866, and eleven in 1867. The Barrow Hematite Steel Company operating what was then "the largest Bessemer steel works in the country" and "one of the largest in the world". The dukes of Devonshire and Buccleuch were both major shareholders in the steel company as was the managing director of the Furness Railway, who was also the managing director of the Hematite Steel Company and its first mayor.
The docks at Barrow opened in September 1867. There were two wet docks; the Devonshire and the Buccleuch. The Midland Railway's Morecambe-Belfast steamer service was replaced by a Barrow-Belfast service jointly owned by the Midland and the ; a service to Douglas was also run in the summer months, but both services ran from Piel pier transferring to Barrow docks in 1881. In 1872, the FR obtained powers to build a third dock ; the spoil from the excavation of this was used to enclose an area of water intended for the construction of a fourth.
The original main line did not run through Barrow, though its headquarters and engineering works were adjacent to St. George's Square. Through trains had to run into the terminal station and then out again to continue their journey. In 1882, through working became possible when a new station called Barrow Central was opened on a new loop line; the Whitehaven-Carnforth passenger traffic now started to running over this section. The old station at the dockside was retained as the goods station.

Issues with development outside Barrow

Heavy expenditure on the docks at Barrow coincided with a down-turn in the iron trade in the mid-1870s; capital expenditure on other projects was minimised, and the dividend was cut from 10% to 6.5%. This triggered complaints from shareholders that the directors were pursuing the development of Barrow at the expense of the profitability of the FR, and from passengers at the service provided – with the possible exception of fast trains serving Barrow passenger trains were infrequent, inconvenient, unpunctual, uncomfortable, and slow.
The company chairman subsequently conceded that several of the stations "... until lately, were in a condition of which the public had a right to complain... On the Whitehaven section especially some of the stations were of the most inferior description, and such as the Board of Trade would not have allowed them to continue; they were mere temporary structure, scarcely more than wooden hovels."

Hard times

In 1881, revenue for the second half of the year was about £300,000 and the dividend 7% a year; second-half revenue declined to £216,000 in 1885, but recovered to £275,000 in 1889, allowing a dividend of 5% a year. In 1892, there was no dividend for the first year-half this triggered a renewal of previous complaints from shareholders that the company had sunk between two and three million pounds into docks at Barrow, but refused to give any indication of the profitability of the docks. The additional complaint was now made that most of the directors were ornamental and deferred to Sir James Ramsden who had held managerial posts with the company since 1846, and had been the managing director since 1866. For the second half of 1892, despite the disruption to traffic and loss of an engine caused by subsidence at Lindal, a dividend at the rate of 3% a year was declared; amendments seeking to force the resignation of Sir James were moved, but defeated.
The secretary of the denied that its low dividends were caused by injudicious expenditure on Barrow docks; without them there would be no dividend at all:
The problem was foreign competition:
In 1894, it was reported that only 33 of the 75 blast furnaces in Furness and West Cumberland were working.

Management changes

In May 1895, Sir James Ramsden, by now 73, resigned due to ill health. He was not replaced as managing director. A new general manager was recruited from the Cambrian Railways, where he had 'worked wonders... from being one of the most sluggish it has become one of the most enterprising lines in the kingdom'. The incumbent 'secretary and general manager' became 'secretary' only before retiring in 1897 after thirty-three years in the post; the locomotive superintendent retired at the same time after forty-six years with the company.
The new regime benefited from a recovery in the Furness iron and steel trade, and from a wholesale replacement of passenger rolling stock occasioned by the need to provide a continuous automatic brake, but also made strenuous efforts to develop passenger traffic, with day and weekend excursion tickets being introduced and advertised. Second class was abolished and new corridor bogie carriages introduced on Barrow-Yorkshire services were as good as anything to be found on major railways.
To promote tourist traffic, the FR published guides to tours in the Lake District not only in English, but also in French and German. By 1903, passenger revenue was 40% higher than that for 1895, and passenger revenue per train-mile was 10d higher. The Railway Magazine of August 1898 described the Furness Railway as one "which, though a comparatively small line, is noted for its enterprise and go-ahead management."; by the second half of 1899 the dividend had recovered to 4% per annum, "entirely due to the ability an exertions of their excellent general manager" according to the company chairman. The dividend, however, fell back to 0.5% in 1904 because of a renewed depression in iron and steel; Mr Aslett having previously reported that pig iron could only be produced in Furness at a loss of 3s 6d per ton: England was the 'dumping ground' for German iron being sold at below its production cost. Vickers had taken over the Barrow Shipbuilding Company in 1897, and its construction of naval warships at Barrow became an important prop of the prosperity of Barrow. Even with this prop, and the development of tourist traffic, the dividend for the last twenty-five years of its existence averaged only marginally above 2% a year.

Relationship with the Midland Railway

The FR had been closely associated with the Midland Railway for many years; it was strategically important to the Midland as giving it access to an Irish Sea port and hence to Irish traffic. The Midland had repeatedly attempted to purchase the company, but these offers had come during periods of prosperity for the Furness, whose directors had rebuffed the Midland's terms as insufficiently generous. The Midland's announcement of a planned extension of its Morecambe line to a new deep-water port at Heysham gave rise to concern about the future of steamer services from Barrow and the reliability of the Midland as a partner.
Negotiations with the Midland led to a further offer to purchase the FR which was again rejected, and ended in an agreement that the joint Furness/Midland trains from Barrow would continue to run, and the same company which managed the Barrow trains for the railways would also manage the services from Heysham. When services began running from Heysham in 1905, the Barrow services became unprofitable: it became evident that the Midland was preferentially routing traffic via Heysham and the Furness went to law, the matter being resolved by the Midland buying out the FR's interest for £45,000, entering a traffic-sharing agreement for Belfast traffic and undertaking to continue the services from Barrow for seven years.

Locomotive superintendents

James Ramsden, 1846–1850
Richard Mason, 1850–1896
W. F. Pettigrew, 1896–1918
David Rutherford, 1918–1923

Locomotives

The first locomotive superintendent, recruited from Bury, Curtis and Kennedy in 1846, was later to be knighted as Sir James Ramsden, a leading civic figure and first Mayor of Barrow. No locomotives were actually built in the local works itself: they were generally standard designs, purchased from other manufacturers. By 1921, fifteen different works were represented. However, W. F. Pettigrew, who had taken over operations in 1896, was to introduce some measure of standardisation.
There were also carriage and wagon-building shops, and repairs and maintenance was carried out on the equipment of Barrow Docks.

Line details

Viaducts: The line crosses several major estuaries - the rivers Kent and Leven, Cumbria|Leven] being among them - over substantial viaducts.
Tunnel: the Bransty Tunnel in Whitehaven is in length
Total mileage :.

Barrow Docks

Details given are those shown for 1912:

Total area of water:
Four docks: Devonshire; Buccleuch; Ramsden; and Cavendish. There was also a Timber Dock.
Length of quays
Messrs Vickers built major ships for the Royal Navy here
There was also a deep water berth in ''Walney Channel''

Ships

Barrow-Fleetwood service - four paddle steamers; lake steamers - two on Coniston Water; six on Windermere; three Barrow steam tugs

Barrow-Fleetwood

Ship	Launched	Tonnage	Notes
Lady Evelyn	1900	295 342	Built by J.Scott and Co., of Kinghorn. Lengthened in 1904. Requisitioned by the Admiralty in 1914 for minesweeping work and was based at Larne. Decommissioned in 1918 and was sold in 1920 to W H Tucker & Co Ltd., of Cardiff. Sold in 1923 to P & A Campbell Ltd and renamed Brighton Belle. Taken over by Admiralty again in 1939 but hit a wreck in The Downs on 28 May 1940 and sank.
Lady Margaret	1895	369	Built by A.McMillan and Son at Dumbarton for Bristol Channel service between Cardiff and Weston-super-Mare. Purchased in 1896 by P & A Campbell Ltd. They re-sold the vessel to Furness Railway in 1903. Sold to the Admiralty in 1908 for use as a tender and renamed Liberty. Renamed Wanderer in 1913 and Roamer in 1919. Scrapped in 1923.
Lady Moyra	1905	562	Built by John Brown and Company at Clydebank for the Barry Railway in 1905 as Gwalia and worked the Barry - Cardiff- Ilfracombe route. Bought in May 1910 for £22,750 and renamed Lady Moyra. Requisitioned during the First World War for minesweeping duties alongside "Lady Evelyn" and subsequently returned to the FR. Sold to W.H.Tucker in 1919 for his 'Yellow Funnel' fleet and acquired at auction in 1933 by P & A Campbell Ltd and renamed Brighton Queen. Bombed on 1 June 1940 and sunk at Dunkirk.
Philomel	1889	564	Built by J.Scott of Kirkaldy. Tonnage 662 according to Haws. Bought from the General Steam Navigation Company for £5,250 in 1908 having been employed by them on the Thames. Scrapped at Preston in November 1913.

Other statistics

As at 31 December 1911 the Railway owned rolling stock as follows:
* 130 locomotives; 348 coaching vehicles; 7766 goods vehicles; 2 steam rail motor cars
* Locomotives painted Indian red; passenger vehicles ultramarine blue with white upper panels
* Passengers carried 3,297,622

The Furness Railway operated as an independent company until December 1922, when it was merged as one of the constituent companies of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway following the Railways Act 1921.