Fubuki-class destroyer

The Fubuki-class destroyers were a class of twenty-four destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Fubuki class has been described as the world's first modern destroyer. They remained effective in their role to the end of World War II, despite being much older than contemporary ships of foreign nations.

Background

Following the ratification of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922, the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff issued requirements for a destroyer with a maximum speed of, range of at, and armed with large numbers of torpedoes. As the treaty placed Japan in an inferior position relative to the United States and Great Britain in terms of capital ships, the obvious course of action would be to build large numbers of other types of ships not restricted by the treaty, with the most powerful weaponry possible. These destroyers were intended to operate with the new series of fast and powerful cruisers also under consideration as part of a program intended to give the Imperial Japanese Navy a qualitative edge with the world's most modern ships.
The resultant Fubuki class was ordered under the 1923 fiscal year budget, based on a smaller 1750 ton design, with ships completed between 1926 and 1931. Their performance was a great improvement over previous destroyer designs, so much so that they were designated Special Type Destroyers. The large size, powerful engines, high speed, large radius of action, and unprecedented armament gave these destroyers the firepower similar to many light cruisers in other navies. The closest equivalents in the United States Navy were the and s, of which only thirteen vessels were constructed in the 1930s to function as destroyer squadron leaders.

Design

The initial design for the Fubuki-class was based on a 2000-ton displacement hull with a single battery, two twin 24-inch torpedo tubes, and capable of 40 knots. Following the adoption of the Washington Naval Treaty from 1923, the design was modified to 1680 standard tons with more guns and more torpedo tubes. However, their increased displacement more than offset their more powerful engines, resulting in a slower top speed than originally planned.
The engines were powered by four Kampon boilers running two-shaft geared turbines at 50,000 shp, yielding a rated speed of, with a range of 5000 nautical miles.
The S-shaped curved bow introduced on the Mutsuki class was retained; however, the well deck in front of the bridge was removed, which made it possible to extend the forecastle further aft and to flare the hull back to the first stack, which increased seaworthiness. The forecastle was also raised one deck in height to reduce the effect of heavy seas on the forward gun mount. The bridge was enlarged and enclosed. The bow was given a significant flare, to offer protection against weather in the Pacific.
The Fubuki-class vessels were originally intended to have only hull numbers. This proved to be extremely unpopular with the crews and was a constant source of confusion in communications with the earlier and es, and naval policy was changed in August 1928. Hence, the Fubuki-class vessels were assigned names as they were launched.
Between June 1928 and March 1933, twenty-four Fubuki-class destroyers were built. Several modifications took place throughout production, and the twenty-four units can be broken down into three groups. The final four ships were so different they were given a new class name. As completed, Fubuki had twin 5-inch guns in "A", "X", and "Y" positions, with triple torpedo tubes in "D", "P", and "Q", making them the most powerful destroyers in the world at the time of their completion.

Armament

The Fubuki-class destroyers were far more capable than the previous Mutsuki-class in armament. The main battery consisted of six Type 3 127 mm 50 caliber naval guns, mounted in pairs in three weather-proof, splinter-proof, gas-tight gun turrets that were far ahead of their time. The Group I vessels could elevate to over 40 degrees, but from Group II, these guns were dual-purpose guns that could be elevated to 70 degrees, making them the world's first destroyers with this ability. Ammunition was brought up on hoists from magazines located directly underneath each gun turret, which had a far greater rate of fire than those of other contemporary destroyers in which ammunition was typically manually loaded. However, the gun houses were not bullet-proof, and were thus actually still gun mounts, rather than proper turrets.
The three triple torpedo launchers with Type 8 torpedoes which had proved successful on the Mutsuki-class was again used, and each tube had a reload, giving the destroyer a complement of 18 torpedoes in total. The forward launchers were located between the smokestacks.
Anti-aircraft capability was also as per the Mutsuki-Class, with two Type 92 7.7 mm anti-aircraft machine guns located in front of the second stack. These were replaced by Type 93 13 mm AA Guns before the start of the war. Following the start of then Pacific War, a number of units received an additional pair of Type 93 guns mounted in front of the bridge, which were later changed to Type 96 25mm AA Guns. In late 1943 to early 1944, one of the aft guns was replaced with two triple Type 96 guns, and an additional raised gun platform with another two triple Type 96 guns was added between the two aft torpedo launchers, In late 1944, the remaining units received more Type 96 guns as single mounts on the forecastle and stern. received a Type 22 radar in November 1943, and the remaining seven units were so fitted in 1944. The few ships remaining in late 1944 also received the Type 13 radar.

Development

The first group, or Fubuki class, consisting of the first ten vessels completed in 1928 and 1929, were simpler in construction than the vessels that followed. They had a rangefinder on the compass bridge and an exposed gun-fire control room, and were equipped with a "Type A" gun turret that elevated both of its barrels at the same time and only to 40 degrees. The first group can be distinguished from later ships by their massive circular air ducts abreast the two stacks leading to the boiler room, with the exception of, which integrated the ventilation ducts into the platforms built around the stacks.
The second group, or Ayanami class, were built in 1930 and 1931, and had larger bridges that encompassed the rangefinder, an azimuth compass sighting device and the gun-fire control room, as well as a range finding tower. Furthermore, the boiler room's air inlet was changed from a pipe to a bowl shape. They also benefited from the deployment of "Type B" turrets, which could elevate each gun separately to 75° for AA use, making them the world's first destroyers with this capability.
The third group, also known as the, were built from 1931 to 1933. These vessels had three larger boilers instead of the previous four and a narrower fore funnel. Improvements included a unique splinter-proof torpedo launcher-turret, which allowed the torpedo launcher tubes to be reloaded in action.
However, the Fubuki class also had a number of inherent design problems. The large amount of armament combined with a smaller hull displacement than in the original design created issues with stability. Despite design features intended to reduce weight, including use of welding on the hull and lighter alloys above the main deck, the ships exceeded their design weight by over 200 tons, which was even more of a problem with the Group II ships, with their larger bridge and heavier gun mounts. After the Tomozuru Incident, in which the top-heavy design of many Japanese warships called basic design issues into question, additional ballast had to be added.
In the Fourth Fleet Incident, during which a typhoon damaged virtually every ship in the Fourth Fleet, an issue with the longitudinal strength of the Fubuki-class hull was discovered. As a result, all vessels were reconstructed between 1935 and 1937. An additional 40 tons of ballast was added, the bridge reduced in size and the height of the smoke stacks was decreased. The number of torpedo reloads were reduced from nine to three, and fewer shells were stored for the guns. The amount of fuel carried was also increased to help lower the center-of-gravity. Eight of the Ayanami class were retrofitted with the lighter "Type C" gun mounts. These changes increased the displacement to 2050 tons standard tons and over 2400 tons full load. The rebuild reduced the top speed slightly to 34 knots.

Operational history

Of the 24 Fubuki-class vessels completed, one was sunk in a collision in 1934. The remaining vessels served during the Pacific War. In November 1942, the damaged the battleship with her gunfire during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal before being attacked by, which crippled the battleship as well. She was scuttled the following day by. In August 1943, John F. Kennedy's PT-109 was rammed, split asunder and sunk by of this class.
Eight ships of the class were sunk by submarines, two by mines, the rest by air attacks. Only and survived the war. Hibiki was taken by the Soviet Navy as a prize of war, and continued to be used until 1964.

List of ships

Type I (''Fubuki'')

Name	Kanji		Builder	Laid down	Launched	Completed	Fate
	吹雪	Dai-35	Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan	19 Jun 1926	15 Nov 1927	10 Aug 1928	Sunk in surface action off Guadalcanal on 11 Oct 1942; struck 15 Nov 1942
	白雪	Dai-36	Yokohama Dockyard, Japan	19 Mar 1927	20 Mar 1928	18 Dec 1928	air attack off Dampir Strait on 3 Mar 1943; struck 1 Apr 1943
	初雪	Dai-37	Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan	12 Apr 1927	29 Sep 1928	30 Mar 1929	Air attack off Buin on 17 Jul 1943; struck 15 Oct 1943
	深雪	Dai-38	Uraga Dock Company, Japan	30 Apr 1927	26 Jun 1928	29 Jun 1929	Collision with, S Cheju Island on 29 Jun 1934; struck 15 Aug 1934
	叢雲	Dai-39	Fujinagata Shipyards, Japan	25 Apr 1927	27 Sep 1928	10 May 1929	air attack off Guadalcanal on 12 Oct 1942; struck 15 Nov 1942
	東雲	Dai-40	Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan	12 Aug 1926	26 Nov 1927	25 Jul 1928	Air attack near Miri on 17 Dec 1941; struck 15 Jan 1942
	薄雲	Dai-41	Tōkyō Ishikawajima Shipyard, Japan	21 Oct 1926	26 Dec 1927	26 Jul 1928	named Usugumo 1 Aug 1928; Torpedoed off Etorofu on 7 Jul 1944; struck 10 Sep 1944
	白雲	Dai-42	Fujinagata Shipyards, Japan	27 Oct 1926	27 Dec 1927	28 Jul 1928	named Shiragumo 1 Aug 1928; Torpedoed off Cape Erimo on 16 Mar 1944; struck 31 Mar 1944
	磯波	Dai-43	Uraga Dock Company, Japan	18 Oct 1926	24 Nov 1927	30 Jun 1928	named Isonami on 1 Aug 1928; Torpedoed off SW Celebes on 9 Apr 1943; struck 1 Aug 1943
	浦波	Dai-44	Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan	28 Apr 1927	29 Nov 1928	30 Jun 1929	Air attack W of Panay on 26 Oct 1944; struck 10 Dec 1944

Type II (''Ayanami'')

Name	Kanji		Builder	Laid down	Launched	Completed	Fate
	綾波	Dai-45	Fujinagata Shipyards, Japan	20 Jan 1928	5 Oct 1929	30 Apr 1930	Scuttled off Guadalcanal by Uranami, 15 Nov 1942; struck 15 Dec 1942
	敷波	Dai-46	Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan	6 Jul 1928	22 Jun 1929	24 Dec 1929	Torpedoed S of Hainan 12 Sep 1944; struck 10 Oct 1944
	朝霧	Dai-47	Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan	12 Dec 1928	18 Nov 1929	30 Jun 1930	Air attack off Guadalcanal on 28 Aug 1942; struck 1 Oct 1942
	夕霧	Dai-48	Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan	1 Apr 1929	12 May 1930	3 Dec 1930	Sunk in action, central Solomons on 25 Nov 1943; struck 15 Dec 1943
	天霧	Dai-49	Ishikawajima Shipyards, Japan	28 Nov 1928	27 Feb 1930	10 Nov 1930	Mined, S of Makassar Strait on 23 Apr 1944; struck 10 Jun 1944
	狭霧	Dai-50	Uraga Dock Company, Japan	28 Mar 1929	23 Dec 1929	30 Jan 1931	Torpedoed off Kuching on 24 Dec 1941; struck 15 Jan 1942
	朧	Dai-51	Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan	29 Nov 1929	8 Nov 1930	31 Oct 1931	Air attack off Kiska Island on 16 Oct 1942; struck 15 Nov 1942
	曙	Dai-52	Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan	25 Oct 1929	7 Nov 1930	31 Jul 1931	Air attack Manila Bay on 13 Nov 1944; struck 10 Jan 1945
	漣	Dai-53	Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan	21 Feb 1930	6 Jun 1931	19 May 1932	Torpedoed E of Palau on 14 Jan 1944; struck 10 Mar 1944
	潮	Dai-54	Uraga Dock Company, Japan	24 Dec 1929	17 Nov 1930	14 Nov 1931	surrendered to Allies 15 Sep 1945; scrapped 1948

Type III (''Akatsuki'')

Name	Kanji	Builder	Laid down	Launched	Completed	Fate
	暁	Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan	17 Feb 1930	7 May 1932	30 Nov 1932	Sunk in action off Guadalcanal on 13 Nov 1942; struck 15 Dec 1942
	響	Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan	21 Feb 1930	16 Jun 1932	31 Mar 1933	surrendered 5 Oct 1945; prize of war to USSR on 5 Jul 1947; sunk as target around 1970s
	雷	Uraga Dock Company, Japan	7 Mar 1930	22 Oct 1931	15 Aug 1932	torpedoed W of Guam on 13 Apr 1944; struck 10 Jun 1944
	電	Fujinagata Shipyards, Japan	7 Mar 1930	25 Feb 1932	15 Nov 1932	Torpedoed W of Celebes on 14 May 1944; struck 10 Jun 1944