Coloratura

Coloratura, syllabification col·or·a·tu·ra or col·o·ra·tur·a refers to a passage of music, especially vocal operatic music, written such that it is characterised by rapidity and its elaborate embellishment or ornamentation, embellishment that includes musical runs, trills, "or similar virtuoso-like material". The presence of coloratura in a musical piece typically obscures the melody within the passage.
More generally, coloratura can be understood to mean any music "with ornate figuration", and then connotations of coloratura broaden further still to include the operatic roles in which such vocal embellishment plays a large part, and then to its singers, in particular sopranos with a "light agile voice" that specialise in singing such parts.
Such coloratura, for sopranos and otherwise, is often found in the vocal melodies of arias of the 18th and 19th centuries ; an example cited as famous is the aria of the operatic character, the Queen of the Night, in Mozart's Zauberflöte.
However, despite the popular understanding associating the term with coloratura sopranos, the term is not formally restricted to a particular voice range, and any voice type might achieve mastery of coloratura techniques. Moreover, coloratura is not limited to particular musical genres, and use of the term has conflictingly also been applied to particular instrumental "ornamentation formulas", where the term of Colorists coined by A.G. Ritter more specifically applies.
The origin of the term coloratura, in its application to vocal embellishment, is usually attributed to the Italian, of 17th century, for "coloring", and that from the Latin colōrātus, deriving from the verb "to color". Argument is made in a reliable source that, depite having been "attributed to Italian in German dictionaries since the 17th century", its apparent first appearance in a musical sense was in a German work, as Coloraturen, by Michael Praetorius, in his Syntagmatis musici tomus tertius in 1619.

History

The term coloratura was first defined in several early non-Italian music dictionaries: Michael Praetorius's Syntagma musicum ; Sébastien de Brossard's Dictionaire de musique ; and Johann Gottfried Walther's Musicalisches Lexicon. In these early texts "the term is dealt with briefly and always with reference to Italian usage".

Christoph Bernhard defined coloratura in two ways:

cadenza: "runs which are not so exactly bound to the bar, but which often extend two, three or more bars further should be made only at chief closes" ; and
diminution: "when an interval is altered through several shorter notes, so that, instead of one long note, a number of shorter ones rush to the next note through all kinds of progressions by step or leap".

The term was never used in the most famous Italian texts on singing: Giulio Caccini's Le Nuove musiche ; Pier Francesco Tosi's, Opinioni de' cantori antichi e moderni ; Giovanni Battista Mancini's Pensieri, e riflessioni pratiche sopra il canto figurato ; Manuel García's Mémoire sur la voix humaine, and Traité complet de l’art du chant ; nor was it used by the English authors Charles Burney and Henry Fothergill Chorley, both of whom wrote at length about Italian singing of a period when ornamentation was essential.

Modern usage

The term coloratura is most commonly applied to the elaborate and florid figuration or ornamentation in classical and romantic vocal music. However, early music of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, and in particular, baroque music extending up to about 1750, includes a substantial body of music for which coloratura technique is required by vocalists and instrumentalists alike. In the modern musicological sense the term is therefore used to refer to florid music from all periods of music history, both vocal and instrumental. For example, in Germany the term coloratura has been applied to the stereotypical and formulaic ornamentation used in 16th‑century keyboard music written by a group of German organ composers referred to as the "colorists".
Despite its derivation from Latin colorare, the term does not apply to the practice of "coloring" the voice, i.e. altering the quality or timbre of the voice for expressive purposes.

Vocal ranges

The term is not restricted to describing any one range of voice. All female and male voice types may achieve mastery of coloratura technique. There are coloratura parts for all voice types in different musical genres.
Nevertheless, the term coloratura, when used without further qualification, normally means a coloratura soprano. This role, most famously typified by the Queen of the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute, has a high range and requires the singer to execute with great facility elaborate ornamentation and embellishment, including running passages, staccati, and trills. A coloratura soprano has the vocal ability to produce notes above high C and possesses a tessitura ranging from A₄ to A₅ or higher.
Richard Miller names two types of soprano coloratura voices as well as a mezzo-soprano coloratura voice, and although he does not mention the coloratura contralto, he includes mention of specific works requiring coloratura technique for the contralto voice.
Examples of the broader possibilities for coloratura in different voice ranges include:Agitata da due venti is a coloratura soprano aria, in Antonio Vivaldi's opera Griselda;

Mozart's Allelujah was written for soprano castrato, but may be arranged for and sung by a properly trained contralto, mezzo-soprano, or soprano;Naqui All'Affanno - Non Piu Mesta is a coloratura contralto rondo, from Rossini's opera La Cenerentola;
The aria Every valley shall be exalted, from Handel's Messiah, is an example of a coloratura piece for tenor; and
Osmin, a character in Mozart's The Abduction from the Seraglio, is a coloratura role for a base voice.

More generally, singers of major roles in Rossini operas must have a secure coloratura technique.

Works cited

For the Wikipedia article on this source, see Harvard Dictionary of Music.