First Impressionist Exhibition
The First Impressionist Exhibition was an art exhibition held by the Société anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs, etc., a group of nineteenth-century artists who had been rejected by the official Paris Salon and pursued their own venue to exhibit their artworks. The exhibition was held in April 1874 at 35 Boulevard des Capucines, the studio of the famous photographer Nadar. The exhibition became known as the "Impressionist Exhibition" following a satirical review by the art critic Louis Leroy in the 25 April 1874 edition of Le Charivari entitled "The Exhibition of the Impressionists". Leroy's article was the origin of the term Impressionism.
History
Background
In mid-19th century France, artists depended on public exhibitions to connect them with patrons willing to buy their artworks. The most prestigious exhibition was the Salon in Paris. From the earliest Salons in the 17th century until the French Revolution in 1789, only members of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture were permitted to exhibit artworks. Following the revolution and the abolishment of the Royal Academy in 1791, non-member artists were permitted to exhibit artworks in the Salon. With the exception of a short period of a few years following the French Revolution of 1848, the artworks displayed at the Salon were chosen by a jury consisting of members of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. Being accepted to the Salon was vital for artists because the jury's decision affected the public's perception of artworks. Paintings that had been accepted by the Salon were more likely to sell, and the public would often refuse to purchase paintings that had been rejected. Patrons would sometimes even return paintings that had been purchased beforehand if they had been rejected by the jury. Artists who were rejected by the jury often complained about corruption and unfairness. Disagreements among artists with the official standards of the Salon and the Académie des Beaux-Arts would lead to artists seeking alternative venues for promoting their art.The Salon of 1863 was particularly controversial with artists. A new rule was established that limited artists to three artworks each. The jury was also stricter than it had been in previous years, rejecting three-fifths of all submissions. Even artists who had been regularly admitted were rejected. Louis Martinet, who had previously displayed artworks rejected from the Salon in his gallery, did not have room to host all of the rejected artists. After hearing about the controversy, Emperor Napoleon III visited Palais de l'Industrie where the Salon was to be held and consulted with the president of the jury. Two days later, it was announced that there would be a second elective Salon, a Salon des Refusés, to exhibit the rejected artworks.
File:Edouard Manet - Luncheon on the Grass - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe by Édouard Manet, exhibited at the Salon des Refusés in 1863.
The artwork to attract the most visitors at the Salon des Refusés was the painting Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe by Édouard Manet. Manet had painted it specifically for the Salon, and had hoped that it would bring him success. When it was rejected, Manet chose to display it at the Salon des Refusés in hopes that the public would side with him against the jury and prove the jury wrong. The painting proved to be controversial with among critics. Many critics criticized it for the indecency of its subject matter. Manet was also widely criticized for painting technique, which some critics considered sloppy. Despite this criticism, other critics lauded his technique, and described it as "fresh" and "lively". The scandal surrounding Édouard Manet and the Salon des Refusés brought several younger artists into his social circle.
File:Henri Fantin-Latour - A Studio at Les Batignolles - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|A Studio at Les Batignolles by Henri Fantin-Latour
Manet was a frequent visitor at the Café Guerbois, located at 11 Grande rue des Batignolles in Paris. There he regularly met with many of his admirers, friends, and fellow artists. Some of the artists that regularly visited the café were Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Frédéric Bazille, Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro, and Paul Cézanne. Émile Zola and Edmond Maître were also occasional visitors. The famous photographer Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, better known by his pseudonym Nadar, also sometimes visited the café. The artists that frequented the Café Guerbois called themselves the Batignolles group. They chose to refer to themselves as a "group" rather than a "school" because, although they all had contempt for "official art", they all sought their own directions.
The members of the Batignolles group had differing opinions about the Salon. Manet and Renoir believed that the Salon offered them the best chance at gaining recognition. Cézanne, on the other hand, believed that they should always submit their most "offensive" pictures to the Salon as a means of challenging established customs. Despite their differing views, the members of the Batignolles group regularly submitted their artworks to that annual Salon. All members of the group except for Cézanne had been accepted into the Salon at least once.
The Exhibition of the Impressionists
Claude Monet and Frédéric Bazille first proposed that the Batignolles group hold their own exhibition at their own expense in 1867. The group was unable to hold an exhibition then due to a lack of funds. Following the Salon of 1873 and the Exposition artisique des oeuvres refusées, a second Salon des Refusés, Monet once again proposed that the group hold their own exhibition. Bazille, who had died in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, did not live to participate in the exhibition that he and Monet had once envisioned.Edgar Degas expressed concern that if the exhibition only consisted of members of their own group, their exhibition might be seen by the public and critics as being put on by refusés and suggested that they invite outside artists and artists who had previously had success in the salon. Some of the artists thought that inviting outsiders would change the character of the exhibition. Pierre-Auguste Renoir endorsed Degas's plan to invite outside artists, as a greater number of participating artists would result in a lower cost to each artist. The rest then agreed to Degas's plan. Some of the members of the group opposed Cézanne's participation in the exhibition, however they agreed after Monet supported his participation. Manet would ultimately not participate in the exhibition. He once told the others that it was because he would never participate in an exhibition with Cézanne, however, his main reason was that believed that the only way to succeed was to succeed at the Salon.
For the location of the group exhibition, Manet suggest the studio of the photographer Félix Nadar at 35 Boulevard des Capucines, which was sometimes rented out for concerts or lectures. Nadar had recently vacated his studio for a larger one at 51 rue d'Anjou nearby, so it was available for the group to use. Nadar's studio was on the second floor of the building. A staircase led up to a series of large rooms on two floors which received light from the windows. While Nadar preferred more tradition styles of art, he sympathized with the group's anti-establishment stance. According to Monet, Nadar allowed the group to use his studio for free.
On Pissarro's suggestion, the group formed a joint-stock company. The charter was signed on December 27, 1873. The initial signers of the charter were Monet, Renoir, Sisley, Degas, Berthe Morisot, Pissarro, Béliard, Guillaumin, Lepic, Levert, and Rouart. For the name of the group, Renoir and Degas wanted neutral name that would not be associated with a particular style or suggest a new "school" of art. Degas suggested that the group be called La Capucine after their exhibition space at 35 Bouleveard des Capucines, with a capucine flower as their logo. In the end, the members of group settled on the name Société anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs, etc.
The Première exposition of the Société anonyme opened on April 15, 1874. They chose to open the exhibition two weeks before the Salon of 1874 in hopes of emphasizing to the public that it was not another Salon des Refusés. The exhibition was open for one month, from ten in the morning to six in the evening. It was also open from eight to ten in the evening. The entrance fee was one franc, and the catalog was sold for fifty centimes. Throughout its entire duration, the exhibition received about 3,500 visitors in total. This was significantly fewer than the Salon of 1874, which received about 400,000 visitors in total. Most of the media coverage of exhibition came from left-wing and republican publications. Most of the conservative press chose not to provide platform to those who opposed official arts policy.
On April 25, the satirical magazine Le Charivari published a review of the exhibition by Louis Leroy titled "L'Exposition des impressionnistes". The satirical review was written in the form of a dialog between Leroy and a fictional academic landscape painter named Joseph Vincent. In the review, as Leroy guides Vincent through the exhibition, Vincent is shocked and aghast at style of the paintings. Leroy begrudgingly defends each painting by saying that, while they are not accurate depictions, they have an impression of what they are supposed to depict. Vincent repeatedly mocks Leroy's use of the word "impression", and begins to refer to the artists collectively as "impressionists". When Vincent finally reaches Cézanne's A Modern Olympia, he is driven mad at its sight and begins to hallucinate that the paintings are talking to him. Leroy's article was intended to be just as much of a spoof of the reactions of conservative academic painters to the "Impressionists" as it was a mockery of Impressionists themselves.
Louis Leroy's review was the first use of the term "Impressionists", a term that would come to refer to the artists who painted in style of Impressionism. Leroy's use of the word "impression" derived from the title of Claude Monet's painting Impression, Sunrise. Monet chose to call his painting an "impression" after Edmond Renoir, the editor of the exhibition catalog, complained that the titles of his paintings were too monotonous. Monet told him "Why don't you just put Impression!" Critics had sometimes previously used the term "impression" in reference to the landscape paintings of Camille Corot, Charles-François Daubigny, and Johan Jongkind. The members of the Batignolles group had also previously used the term "impression" in reference to creating "impressions of nature".
The First Impressionist Exhibition was a commercial failure. Money earned from entrance fees, catalog sales, commissions on painting sales, etc. amounted to 10,221.50 francs. Expenses from rent, decorations, insurance, wages, etc. amounted to 9,272.20 francs. The remaining 949.20 francs were added to 2,359.50 in outstanding shares. In December 1874, Renoir called a meet where he announced that, after paying off all debts, the Société anonyme still owed over 3,700 francs in liabilities, but only had about 278 francs remaining. All of the members still owed about 185 francs each. The group was then liquidated, and members that had already paid their dues for the next year were refunded.