Delphic Hymns
The Delphic Hymns are two musical compositions from Ancient Greece, which survive in substantial fragments. They were long regarded as being dated and 128 BC, respectively, but recent scholarship has shown it likely they were both written for performance at the Athenian Pythaids in 128 BC. If indeed it dates from ten years before the second, the First Delphic Hymn is the earliest unambiguous surviving example of notated music from anywhere in the Western world whose composer is known by name. Inscriptions indicate that the First Delphic Hymn was written by Athenaeus, son of Athenaeus, while Limenius is credited as the Second Delphic Hymn's composer.
History
Both Delphic Hymns were addressed to Apollo, and were found inscribed on stone fragments from the south outer wall of the Athenian Treasury at Delphi in 1893 by French archaeologist Théophile Homolle, while Henri Weil restored the Greek text and Théodore Reinach transcribed the music to modern notation.) Reconstruction of the fragments was facilitated by the fact that the First Hymn uses vocal notation, and the second one employs instrumental notation. It was long believed that all that could be told of the composer of the First Hymn is that it was written by an Athenian, around 138 BC, since the heading of the inscription giving the name of the composer is damaged and difficult to read. However, careful reading of this inscription shows that it cannot be the ethnic "Athenaîos", but rather names "Athēnaios Athēnaiou" as the composer. The Second Delphic hymn has been dated to precisely 128 BC; evidently it was first performed in the same year. The name of the composer has also survived, both in the heading of the hymn and in a separate inscription: Limēnios, son of Thoinos, an Athenian. The occasion of the performance of both hymns was a Pythaid, a special religious procession of the Athenians towards Delphi held on specific occasions, usually after certain omens.First Delphic Hymn
Both hymns are monophonic, but are differentiated by their notation. The First Hymn is in so-called vocal notation and it is in the cretic meter throughout.The First Delphic Hymn falls into two large parts, a Paean, in three verses, and what might have been called a Hyporchema or dance. However, almost all of the last part is lost.
First verse
The image below shows the first verse of the hymn in conventional transcription. The letters above the words represent the notes of music. Various modern recordings of the music can be found in External links.In this verse the singers call on the Muses to leave their home on Mount Helicon and to join in the song in honour of Apollo. This part has been translated by Armand d'Angour as follows:
Ten different notes in all are used in this first verse. The fourth note from the bottom, written is the so-called mesē, or central note, to which the music most often returns. Music with this mese was said to be in the Phrygian mode. There are more notes above the mese than below it. F and B below the mese are not used, and the lowest note, here E, is used only in the first section of the hymn. The note immediately above the mese D occurs only in one place in section one, in bar 24, but is much more extensively used in verse 2.
According to Pöhlmann and West, an archaic pentatonic effect is produced in the lowest tetrachords by avoiding the lichanos, while above the mese there is modulation between a conjunct chromatic tetrachord and a disjunct diatonic one, extended by two more chromatic notes, A and A..
Second verse
The second verse describes the presence of the delegation from Attica and the sacrifice of Arabian incense and young bulls that they are making. It also mentions the sound of the pipes and the kithara accompanying the sacrifice.The text reads:
In this verse there is a change of key; according to Pöhlmann and West it changes from the Phrygian mode to the Hyperphrygian. There is extensive use of the notes immediately above the mese, and there is also repeated use of the note B immediately below the mese. The strings of Greek kithara were not tuned in exactly the same way as those of a modern piano, and the intervals from C to D and from D to D were probably less than a modern semitone. Therefore, in this section the music wanders around a small group of closely spaced notes. The technical term for a group of closely spaced notes like this is a pyknon.
The photograph below shows part of verse 2 and the beginning of verse 3 on the inscription, starting from the word φερόπλοιο "carrying arms" and ending at Ἀθθίδα "Attica".
Image:Delphichymn.jpg|thumb|center|594px|Photograph of the original stone at Delphi containing the first of the two hymns to Apollo. The music notation is the line of occasional symbols above the main, uninterrupted line of Greek lettering.
Third verse
The third verse is rather fragmentary, with several gaps in the words and music, but enough survives to make sense of it. In this verse the singers address Apollo directly, and describe how he took over the prophetic tripod at Delphi after killing the snake that guarded it, and how once he thwarted an army of invading Gauls.This verse returns to the same key as the first. As in the first verse, the small intervals above and below the mese are once again not used. There are some octave leaps, and "the tone is bright and clear".
Second Delphic Hymn
The Second Hymn is headed Paean and Prosodion to the God and is described as having been composed by Limēnios son of Thoinos, an Athenian. It consists of ten sections in all, the first nine in cretic metre constituting the paean, while the tenth in aeolic rhythms is the prosodion. Slightly more lines of the music have survived than in the first hymn, but there are also numerous gaps where the stone has been broken. The style and subject matter of the second hymn is similar to the first, but the musical notation is different. In this hymn the notes are written with the symbols used by instrumental players.Pöhlmann and West divide the hymn up into ten short sections, with frequent changes of key. As in the First Delphic Hymn, the song opens by calling on the Muses to come to Delphi to join in the song in honour of Apollo:
File:2nd Delphic Hymn section 1.png|thumb|650px|center|The first section of the Second Delphic Hymn transcribed into modern notation
The first verse has been translated by J.G. Landels as follows:
The hymn goes on to describe how the sky and sea rejoiced at Apollo's birth on the island of Delos, and how Apollo, after his birth, visited Attica; ever since which time the people of Attica have addressed Apollo as "Paian" .
Just as in the first hymn, the singers then address Apollo directly calling on him to come, and remind him how he killed the Python which formerly guarded the Delphic tripod and how he once defeated an army of marauding Gauls with a snowstorm.
The final part of the work is the prosodion, or processional hymn, with the metre changing from cretic to glyconic.. In this part, the singers beg Apollo and his sister Artemis to protect Athens as well as Delphi, and they close with a prayer for the continued dominion of the victorious Roman empire.
The Second Hymn is composed in a different key from the First Hymn. The central note of the first section is D, rather than C, making it the Lydian mode. Below the mese are the notes A and B, and above it are E, E, F, and G.
The notes used in the second section are different from the first section. B is replaced by B; E and the top G are not used, and a bottom E and a top A are added, so the range of notes is wider. One way of interpreting this is to assume that the music has moved into the Hypolydian mode. Mostly the melody moves up and down in small steps but there are some big jumps occasionally down to the bottom E.
According to Pöhlmann and West, the modes of the different sections as follows:
- Lydian
- Hypolydian
- Hypolydian
- Chromatic Lydian
- Hypolydian
- Hypolydian
- Chromatic Lydian
- Hypolydian
- Lydian
- Lydian
Musical notation
Two different notations of music were used: One notation was simply the 24 letters of the Ionian alphabet, one for each tone. The other system was a complicated mix of special symbols, including ordinary letters, upside-down or backwards letters, letters from archaic alphabets, and broken, half-letters; with symbols for more notes it had a much wider tonal range. The first hymn uses the simple letter system; the Second Hymn uses the complicated special symbols. It was normal to use both systems in the same piece of music, both written in separate lines above the lyrics; when both were used, the special symbols were for the instrumental accompaniment, and the plain Ionic alphabet for the vocal part.
A suggested reason for the difference in notation in the two hymns is that the author of the first, Athenaios, is listed as a singer, while the author of the second, Limenios, was a kithara-player. One difference between the two notations is that the symbols in the first hymn are placed above the vowels, while those in the Second Hymn are mostly placed above the consonants which begin the syllables. The instrumental paean is tunable such that all intervals that are performed are pure, while the vocal paean cannot be tuned in such a way, requiring harmonic compromises.