FOXO3
Forkhead box O3, also known as FOXO3 or FOXO3a, is a human protein encoded by the FOXO3 gene.
Function
FOXO3 belongs to the O subclass of the forkhead family of transcription factors which are characterized by a distinct fork head DNA-binding domain. There are three other FoxO family members in humans, FOXO1, FOXO4 and FOXO6. These transcription factors share the ability to be inhibited and translocated out of the nucleus on phosphorylation by proteins such as Akt/PKB in the PI3K signaling pathway. Other post-translational modifications including acetylation and methylation are seen and can result in increased or altered FOXO3a activity.The use of FOXO3a knockout mice has revealed a diverse range of functions in both health and disease, namely infertility, lymphoproliferation, adenoma, organ inflammation, metabolism etc.; yet despite the purported importance of FOXO transcription factors in aging, FOXO3A knockout mice do not show an obvious shortening of lifespan or accelerated aging.
Apoptosis
Yu & Fellows et al. demonstrated that FOXO3a activation in vascular smooth muscle cells induces prominent apoptosis and extracellular matrix breakdown in vitro and exacerbates atherosclerosis and vascular remodelling in vivo. Also, these processes were at least partially dependent on MMP-13, as shown by siRNA knockdown and specific pharmacological inhibition. Further experiments also revealed MMP-13 as a novel, bona fide transcriptional target gene of FOXO3a in VSMCs.FOXO3a also functions as a trigger for apoptosis through upregulation of genes necessary for cell death, such as Bim and PUMA, or downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins such as FLIP.
Stem cells
It is thought that FOXO3a is also involved in protection from oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidants such as catalase and MnSOD. Ron DePinho's group generated Foxo3 knockout mice, and showed that female exhibit a dramatic age-dependent infertility, due to premature ovarian failure. Gopinath et al., found that FOXO3 promotes quiescence of muscle stem cells during self-renewal in a Notch-dependent mechanism using muscle stem cell-specific conditional knock out mice.. 2014 Mar 20;2:414-26. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.02.002>
Clinical significance
Deregulation of FOXO3a is involved in tumorigenesis, for example translocation of this gene with the MLL gene is associated with secondary acute leukemia. Downregulation of FOXO3a activity is often seen in cancer. FOXO3 is known as a tumour suppressor.Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed.
The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate has been shown in mice to increase gene expression of FOXO3a by histone deacetylase inhibition, upon which FOXO3a transcriptionally increased gene expression of the antioxidant enzymes SOD2 and catalase. Plasma levels of β-hydroxybutyrate increase with fasting or a ketogenic diet.