Ex officio member
An ex officio member is a member of a body who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term ex officio is Latin, meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right of office'; its use dates back to the Roman Republic.
According to Robert's Rules of Order, the term denotes only how one becomes a member of a body. Accordingly, the rights of an ex officio member are exactly the same as other members unless otherwise stated in regulations or bylaws. It relates to the notion that the position refers to the position the ex officio holds, rather than the individual that holds the position. In some groups, ex officio members may frequently abstain from voting.
Opposite notions are dual mandate, when the same person happens to hold two offices or more, although these offices are not in themselves associated; and personal union, when two states share the same monarch.
For profit and nonprofit use
Any ex officio membership is as defined by the nonprofit association's bylaws or other documents of authority. For example, the bylaws quite often provide that the organization's president will be ex officio a member of all committees, except the nominating committee.Political offices
Andorra
The president of the French Republic and the Catholic Bishop of Urgell are by virtue of office appointed Co-Princes of Andorra.Australia
Within the Australian political system, the Liberal–National Coalition is an alliance of centre-right political parties that forms one of the two major groupings in Australian federal politics. The two major partners in the Coalition are the Liberal Party of Australia and the National Party of Australia with each partner being a stand-alone organisation that elects its own leadership. The leader of the Liberals generally serves as the ex officio Leader of the Coalition whereas the leader of the Nationals serves as the ex officio Deputy Leader of the Coalition.In the above arrangement, when a Coalition is elected to government in Australia or the countries States or territories, convention is that the larger partner, usually the Liberals, hold the office of Prime Minister, Premier or Chief Minister whereas the smaller partner, usually the Nationals, hold office as the Deputy Prime Minister or Deputy Premier. The respective offices are determined based on the size of the respective alliance partner and their independently of one another chosen leader.
The Coalition generally results in the Prime Minister or Premier from the respective jurisdiction being from a metropolitan area and guarantees a rural or regional Deputy Prime Minister or Premier. The Leader of the Nationals is usually given the right to choose his or her ministry within government by virtue of being the second-most senior position within the Coalition partnership.
Botswana
In Botswana's unicameral National Assembly, the president of Botswana and the Speaker of the National Assembly serve as the chamber's two ex-officio members.Brazil
In the Empire of Brazil, some princes became members by right of the Imperial Senate once they turned 25. In the current Constitution of Brazil, the president of the Federal Senate is an ex officio president of the National Congress, even though this office does not exist officially.Canada
Judges of the Federal Court are ex officio members of the Federal Court of Appeal, and vice versa.China
The General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party is an ex officio member of the Politburo Standing Committee which is the top decision-making body in the Chinese Communist Party. The CCP General Secretary has also been the ex officio Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission since 1989.Hong Kong
, the Executive Council of Hong Kong is still composed of ex officio members and unofficial members. By practice the ex officio members include the secretaries of departments, i.e. the Chief Secretary, the Financial Secretary and the Secretary for Justice. Since 2002 all secretaries of bureaux are also appointed by the Chief Executive to be official members of the Executive Council. But since 2005 the secretaries of bureaux attend only when items on the agenda concern their portfolios.France
Former presidents of the republic are ex officio members of the Conseil constitutionnel until death.India
The Vice-President of India is ex officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian Parliament.The prime minister of India is ex officio Chairman of NITI Aayog. Other ex officio members of NITI Aayog are the Minister of Home Affairs, the Minister of Finance, the Minister of Railways, and the Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare.
Italy
Former presidents are ex officio members for life of the Senate.North Korea
The General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea is an ex officio member of the Presidium of the Politburo, which is the top decision-making body in the Workers' Party of Korea. The WPK General Secretary is also the ex officio Chairman of the WPK Central Military Commission.Philippines
In Congress, the presiding officers and their deputies, and the majority and minority leaders, are ex officio members of all committees. The chairman on each chamber's committee on rules is the majority leader. The Senate President is the ex officio chairman of the Commission on Appointments, but can only vote on ties. In the Judicial and Bar Council, several positions are due to occupying another office.In provincial boards, the provincial presidents of the League of Barangays, Sangguniang Kabataan and of the Philippine Councilors League sit as ex officio board members. In city and municipal councils, the city and municipal presidents of the League of Barangays and the youth councils sit as ex officio councilors. In barangays, the youth council chairman is an ex officio member of the barangay council. The ex officio members have the same rights and privileges as the regular members of each legislature. The deputies of local chief executives are ex officio presiding officers of their respective legislatures, but can only vote when there is a tie.
Russia
Russian prime minister, chairmans of State Duma and Federation Council, chief of staff and heads of federal subjects are ex officio members of State Council. President of Russia is an ex officio chairman of it, as well as Security Council.United Kingdom
House of Lords
In the House of Lords, the bishops of the five Great Sees of Canterbury, York, London, Durham, and Winchester are ex officio members, and are entitled to vote just as any other Lord Spiritual.Formerly, anyone holding a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom was ex officio a member of the House of Lords. This entitlement was abolished in 1999. Since then, only the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain remain ex officio; another 90 hereditary peers are elected by and from among those eligible.