Euura
Euura is a genus of sawflies of the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Nematinae. Some of the larvae feed externally on plants and some form plant galls on willows. In the case of the gall-forming species, when the female lays her eggs she injects a stimulant and the gall starts to form before the eggs hatch. Most sawfly galls are hard and individual larva tend to inhabit the gall, feeding on the tissue and leave the gall to pupate in the soil. Most of the species are monophages although the type species, Euura mucronata, is polyphagous feeding on over thirty species of willow.
Most groups of insects tend to have maximum numbers of species in the tropics and decrease towards the poles. The Nematinae reverse this trend with the highest number probably occurring in the boreal forest zone. The reason is not fully understood but could be because of the abundance of species of willow in the region. In the Western Palaearctic all of the species of Euura are attached to Salix species as hosts for their larva. Reports of European species of stem-galling Euura, galling poplar remain unconfirmed, although at least five species in North America do gall poplars.
Galls
A gall is an abnormal growth where the host plants cells enlarge and/or multiply providing food and shelter for the gall-causer. Most gall-causers stick to one host species, or a group which are closely related and tend to cause short-term, localised damage to their host plant. Unlike most gall insects where the development of the gall is a response to the immature stages living in the gall, females of Euura species inject a substance during oviposition which starts the growth of the gall. The female secretions have led taxonomists to consider gall-inducing species of sawfly to be highly host specific.One hypothesis for the evolution of galls is, they may have started with the larvae of an ancestor that either folded or rolled leaves, culminating in E. atra; which does not usually induce a gall but taxonomically belongs to the gall species. The first publication of a sawfly gall was by Francesco Redi in 1668 with illustrations of E. proxima. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek wrote numerous letters to the Royal Society including one on ″growths on the leaves of willows″. The early researchers sometimes mistook parasitoids emerging from the galls as the gall-makers. Reaumur was possibly the first to correctly identify a sawfly as a galler, based on the morphology of the larvae.
Until recently the taxonomy of gall-forming Euura was based mostly on the morphology of the adults and the larvae often lived on a wide range of Salix species. From the 1980s onwards Jens-Peter Kopelke argued that each sawfly species was strictly monophagous i.e. feeds on a single species. Kopelke and other taxonomists have since described many new species, although it is not universally agreed and it is argued that some recently described species are considered to be host plant races. The reason being there are only small genetic and morphological differences, which are not enough evidence to treat them as separate species.
In 2014 gall-inducing species, on willow, of Eupontania, Phyllocolpa, Pontania and Tubpontania were placed in the Euura, reflecting advances in the understanding of their phylogeny. Free-feeding species were also transferred.
Species
Euura abortiva Euura acuminataEuura acutifoliae Euura acutiserra Euura amerinae Euura anglica comb. nov.Euura angusta Euura anomaloptera Euura aquilonis comb. nov.Euura arbusculae comb. nov.Euura arctica Euura arcticornis Euura atra Euura auritae Kopelke, 2000Euura bigallae comb. nov.Euura boreoalpina Kopelke, 2001Euura brevicornis Euura breweriaeEuura bridgmanii Euura butleriEuura calais Euura cinereae Kopelke, 1996Euura collactanea Euura cooperaeEuura cosensiiEuura crassipes Euura cynipsEuura cyrnea Euura daphnoidica Kopelke, 2001Euura delicatula comb. nov.Euura destricta comb. nov.Euura dolichura Euura elaeagnosEuura exiguaeEuura femoralis comb. nov.Euura flavipesEuura gallaeEuura gallarum Euura gemmacinereae Kopelke, 2001Euura gemmafoetidae Kopelke, 2001Euura gemmahelveticae Kopelke, 2001Euura gemmarumEuura gemmura Euura geyerianaeEuura glabrifrons comb. nov.Euura glaucae Kopelke, 1994 comb. nov.Euura hastatae Malaise, 1921Euura hastatavora Euura herbaceae comb. nov.Euura hoppingiEuura insularisEuura ischnocera comb. nov.Euura laeta Euura lanatae Malaise, 1921Euura lappo Malaise, 1921Euura lasiokpisEuura lasiolepisEuura lemmoniaeEuura leucapsis Euura leucosticta Euura longiserraEuura medullariusEuura megacephala spec. rev., comb. nov.Euura mexicanaEuura moeniaEuura mucronata Euura myrsiniticola Kopelke, 1991 comb nov Euura myrsinifoliae Kopelke, 2001 Euura myrtilloides Kopelke, 1996Euura myrtilloidica Kopelke, 1991 comb. nov.Euura nigraEuura nigrellaEuura nigricantis comb. nov.Euura nigritarsisEuura nitidinota comb. nov.Euura nivalis comb. nov.Euura nudipectus comb. nov.Euura oblita Euura orbitalisEuura pacificaEuura pedunculi Euura perturbansEuura petandraeEuura phylicifoliae Kopelke, 2001Euura piliserra, 1863 Euura plicadaphnoides Kopelke, 2007Euura plicalapponum Kopelke, 2007 comb. nov.Euura plicaphylicifolia Kopelke, 2007 comb. nov.Euura polita Euura proxima Euura polita Euura prussica Euura purpureae Euura pustulator comb. nov.Euura reticulatae Euura salicetiEuura salicicolaEuura salicisEuura saliciscinereae Euura salicisnodus Euura salicispurpureae Kopelke, 2014Euura salicisovumEuura samolad Euura scotaspis Euura scoulerianaeEuura serissimaeEuura shibayanagiiEuura soboensisEuura subgemma Liston, 2006Euura testaceipes Euura triandrae Euura unigallae comb. nov.Euura vesicator Euura venusta Euura viminalis Euura virilis Euura weiffenbachiella Liston & Vikberg, 2017;No longer considered a speciesEuura lapponica Kopelke, 1996, is now a synonym of Euura crassipes