Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia


The ethnic groups in Yugoslavia were grouped into constitutive peoples and minorities.

First Yugoslavia

The constituent peoples of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, as evident by the official name of the state were the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
The 1921 population census recorded numerous ethnic groups. Based on language, the "Yugoslavs" constituted 82.87 percent of the country's population.
Identity politics failed to assimilate the South Slavic peoples of Yugoslavia into a Yugoslav identity. During the reign of King Aleksandar I, a modern single Yugoslav identity policy that was propagated to erase the existing ethnic identities failed to do so.

Second Yugoslavia

Communist Yugoslav terminology used the word "nation" for the country's constitutive peoples, that is, for the Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Muslims, Macedonians, and Montenegrins. The term "nationality" was used to describe the status of the Albanians and Hungarians, and other non-constitutive peoples, distinguishing them from the nations, and "national minorities" which they were previously described as.
Following the Liberation of Yugoslavia, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia reorganized the country into federal republics, five of them being eponymous states of each constitutive nation, i.e. Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians and Montenegrins, and unique multiethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, two autonomous provinces were created within Serbia – Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija, based on the significant presence of those nationalities in those regions. This minority criterion was only applied to Serbia. Istrian Italians, who had been persecuted and exiled by the Communist regime for Italian involvement
and irredentism during World War II in Yugoslavia, had their calls for autonomy repudiated by the Communist government; between 1947–1960 vast majority of ethnic Italians fled Yugoslavia while the remainder adopted Croatian or Slovene identities. The presence of constitutive peoples in territories other than their "nation state" was rejected as a basis for potential autonomous provinces, as Communist rhetoric maintained that each constituent people had a home republic, and was therefore unable to obtain autonomy status in another republic despite significant presence. Furthermore, a constitutive nation could not be considered a minority in any of the republics.
After the war, the slogan "Brotherhood and unity" designated the official policy of inter-ethnic relations in the country. The policy prescribed that Yugoslavia's peoples were equal groups that coexist peacefully in the federation.
The 1974 Yugoslav Constitution provided for equality of the constituent peoples and minorities.

Terminology