Cap (sport)


In sport, a cap is a player's appearance in a game at international level. The term dates from the practice in the United Kingdom of awarding a cap to every player in an international match of rugby football and association football. In the early days of football, the concept of each team wearing a set of matching shirts had not been universally adopted, so each side would distinguish itself from the other by wearing a specific sort of cap.
An early illustration of the first international football match between Scotland and England in 1872 shows the Scottish players wearing cowls, and the English wearing a variety of school caps. The practice was first approved on 10 May 1886 for association football after a proposal made by N. Lane Jackson, founder of the Corinthians:
The act of awarding a cap is now international and is applied to other sports. Although in some sports physical caps may not now always be given the term cap for an international or other appearance has been retained as an indicator of the number of occasions on which a sportsperson has represented a team in a particular sport. Thus, a "cap" is awarded for each game played and so a player who has played x games for the team is said to have been capped x times or have won x caps.
The practice of awarding a physical cap varies from sport to sport. It may be awarded before a player's debut or, particularly for national teams, a commemorative cap may be awarded after a player reaches the 100th cap.

Association football

Some men's association football teams still award physical caps. Players are awarded one cap for every match they play – unless they play in a World Cup or European Championship finals tournament, then they are given a single cap for the competition, with the names of all their opponents stitched into the fabric of the cap itself. For example, when David Beckham made his one-hundredth appearance for England, because a number of his appearances had been at World Cup and European Championship final tournaments for which he could only receive one cap, he received only his 85th physical cap. In Scotland, for many years the practice was to present caps only for appearances in the British Home Championship, meaning that several players never received one ; this anomaly was rectified retrospectively in the 2000s after pressure from players' families.
FIFA recognises certain international games as ones where a player can be awarded a cap – these games are regarded as International "A" games. These are matches in which both nations field their first Representative Team.

Records

The world record holder for the highest number of international caps as of 5 November 2010 is retired American player Kristine Lilly, who has 354 caps. Cristiano Ronaldo of Portugal holds the most caps among men only; he surpassed Bader Al-Mutawa with his 197th cap on 23 March 2023, before extending his record to 198 caps on 26 March 2023. The first footballer to win 100 international caps was Billy Wright of England's Wolverhampton Wanderers. Wright went on to appear 105 times for England, 90 of them he obtained whilst he was a captain.
Bold denotes players currently active in international football.

Men

RankCapsNameCountry
1226Cristiano Ronaldo2003–present
2202Bader Al-Mutawa2003–2022
3196Lionel Messi2005–present
4195Soh Chin Ann1969–1984
5194Luka Modrić2006–present
6184Ahmed Hassan1995–2012
6184Hassan Al-Haydos2008–present
8183Ahmed Mubarak2003–2019
9180Sergio Ramos2005–2023
9180Andrés Guardado2005–2024

Women

RankCapsNameCountry
1354Kristine Lilly1987–2010
2331Christine Sinclair2000–2023
3316Carli Lloyd2005–2021
4311Christie Pearce1997–2015
5276Mia Hamm1987–2004
6274Julie Foudy1988–2004
7255Abby Wambach2001–2015
8248Sherida Spitse2006–2025
9241Joy Fawcett1987–2004
10240Caroline Seger2005–2023

Cricket

As in association football, cricket still awards a physical cap. Caps are awarded both at international and domestic level, however the criterion for winning a cap differs between international and domestic cricket.
In international cricket, a player is awarded a cap for every appearance made. It is common for a player to be presented with their cap in a ceremony on the first morning of their maiden Test match, although a physical cap may not be presented for every occasion on which a player represents his country. International caps are numbered according to the number of players who have represented the country before. For example, cap number 50 is awarded to the fiftieth player to represent the country.
In some domestic cricket competitions, caps are also awarded. However, they are not awarded automatically for every appearance made, but instead at the discretion of the administrators of the club for whom the recipient plays, and are a one-off recognition that the recipient is now a regular, established player for the club. The most prevalent example of this system is in English county cricket, in which many First Class counties award a "county cap" to players.
As of April 2021, 70 players have won 100 or more caps in Test cricket.

Records

Players still active at Test level are in bold type.
RankCapsNameCountry
1200Sachin Tendulkar India1989–2013
2188James Anderson England2003–2024
3168Ricky Ponting Australia1995–2012
3168Steve Waugh Australia1985–2004
5166Jacques Kallis South Africa
ICC World XI		1995–2013
6164Shivnarine Chanderpaul West Indies1994–2015
6164Rahul Dravid India
ICC World XI		1996–2012
8161Alastair Cook England2006–2018
9156Allan Border Australia1978–1994
10160Stuart Broad England2007–2023

RankCapsNameCountry
1463Sachin Tendulkar India1989–2012
2448Mahela Jayawardene Sri Lanka
ACC Asia XI		1998–2015
3445Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka
ACC Asia XI		1989–2011
4404Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka
ACC Asia XI
ICC World XI		2000–2015
5398Shahid Afridi Pakistan
ACC Asia XI
ICC World XI		1996–2015
6378Inzamam-ul-Haq Pakistan
ACC Asia XI		1991–2007
7375Ricky Ponting Australia
ICC World XI		1995–2012
8356Wasim Akram Pakistan1984–2003
9350MS Dhoni India
ACC Asia XI		2004–2019
9350Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka
ACC Asia XI
ICC World XI		1993–2011

Rugby union

In rugby union, 92 players have reached 100 international caps as of 27 October 2023. Players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland are eligible for selection to the British & Irish Lions touring squad. Lions matches are classed as full international tests, and caps are awarded. The Pacific Islanders team, composed of players from Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Niue and Cook Islands have a similar arrangement, although no players involved have so far reached 100 caps.
Players still active at Test level are in bold type.
RankCapsNameCountry
1171Alun Wyn Jones
British & Irish Lionsru|NZLru|NZLru|AUSru|ITAru|IRE

Rugby league

The International Rugby League honours players that have made 50 international appearances in their career with a special golden cap. The record for most caps is held by former Australian Kangaroos player and captain Darren Lockyer with 59 matches.
Players still active at Test level are in bold type.
RankCapsNameCountry
159Darren Lockyer