Elections in Mongolia


Mongolia elects its head of state—the President of Mongolia—at the national level. The president is elected for a six-year term by the people, using the two-round system. The State Great Khural has 126 members, originally elected for a four-year term from single-seat constituencies. Due to the voting system, Mongolia experienced extreme shifts in the composition of the parliament after the 1996, 2000, and 2004 elections, so it has changed to a system in which some seats are filled on the basis of votes for local candidates, and some on the basis of nationwide party preference totals. Beginning in 2008, local candidates were elected from 26 electoral districts. Beginning with the 2012 elections, a parallel system was enacted, combining a district part and a nationwide proportional part. 48 seats are chosen at the local level in 26 districts with 1-3 seats using Plurality-at-large voting. 28 seats are chosen from nationwide closed party lists using the Largest remainder method. In the district seats, a candidate is required to get at least 28% of the vote cast in a district to be elected. If there are seats that are not filled due to this threshold, a runoff election is held in the respective district with twice the number of representatives as there are seats to be filled, between the top vote-getters of the first round. Mongolia also holds local elections in October of the same year, with 8031 seats across 2395 constituencies in all 9 districts, 21 provinces, and 331 sums and Citizen Representative Khural in Majoritarian system.

Since 1992

Parliamentary elections

State Great Khural elections are conducted every four years, usually being held in late June or early July. The unicameral State Great Khural is made up of 126 members of parliament, elected for a four-year term. Parliamentary electoral systems varies due to Mongolia's frequent amendment of election laws. Since the 2023 constitutional amendments that increased parliamentary seats from 76 to 126, Mongolia's current electoral system has been a mixed majoritarian-proportional system, with 78 majoritarian-elected members and 48 proportianally-elected members. Closed party lists must adhere to the zipper system, where 50% of the list are female and 50% male. Prior to 2024, Mongolia had previously held its first parliamentary election using a mixed electoral system in 2012, where 48 MPs were elected via plurality block voting and 28 via proportional allocation.
Mongolia has a multi-party system with two dominant political parties—the Mongolian People's Party and the Democratic Party. Other third parties have been represented in the State Great Khural, with the most notable third party being the MPP-splinter Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party from 2010 until its dissolution in 2021. Currently, Mongolia's third largest party has been the HUN Party since 2021.

Presidential elections

Prior 1992

Mongolian People's Republic