Eigenstrain
In continuum mechanics an eigenstrain is any mechanical deformation in a material that is not caused by an external mechanical stress, with thermal expansion often given as a familiar example. The term was coined in the 1970s by Toshio Mura, who worked extensively on generalizing their mathematical treatment. A non-uniform distribution of eigenstrains in a material leads to corresponding eigenstresses, which affect the mechanical properties of the material.
Overview
Many distinct physical causes for eigenstrains exist, such as crystallographic defects, thermal expansion, the inclusion of additional phases in a material, and previous plastic strains. All of these result from internal material characteristics, not from the application of an external mechanical load. As such, eigenstrains have also been referred to as "stress-free strains" and "inherent strains". When one region of material experiences a different eigenstrain than its surroundings, the restraining effect of the surroundings leads to a stress state on both regions. Analyzing the distribution of this residual stress for a known eigenstrain distribution or inferring the total eigenstrain distribution from a partial data set are both two broad goals of eigenstrain theory.Analysis of eigenstrains and eigenstresses
Eigenstrain analysis usually relies on the assumption of linear elasticity, such that different contributions to the total strain are additive. In this case, the total strain of a material is divided into the elastic strain e and the inelastic eigenstrain :where and indicate the directional components in 3 dimensions in Einstein notation.
Another assumption of linear elasticity is that the stress can be linearly related to the elastic strain and the stiffness by Hooke's Law:
In this form, the eigenstrain is not in the equation for stress, hence the term "stress-free strain". However, a non-uniform distribution of eigenstrain alone will cause elastic strains to form in response, and therefore a corresponding elastic stress. When performing these calculations, closed-form expressions for can only be found for specific geometries of the distribution of.
Ellipsoidal inclusion in an infinite medium
One of the earliest examples providing such a closed-form solution analyzed a ellipsoidal inclusion of material with a uniform eigenstrain, constrained by an infinite medium with the same elastic properties. This can be imagined with the figure on the right. The inner ellipse represents the region. The outer region represents the extent of if it fully expanded to the eigenstrain without being constrained by the surrounding. Because the total strain, shown by the solid outlined ellipse, is the sum of the elastic and eigenstrains, it follows that in this example the elastic strain in the region is negative, corresponding to a compression by on the region.The solutions for the total stress and strain within are given by:
Where is the Eshelby Tensor, whose value for each component is determined only by the geometry of the ellipsoid. The solution demonstrates that the total strain and stress state within the inclusion are uniform. Outside of, the stress decays towards zero with increasing distance away from the inclusion. In the general case, the resulting stresses and strains may be asymmetric, and due to the asymmetry of, the eigenstrain may not be coaxial with the total strain.