List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 421


Edge-blown aerophones is one of the categories of musical instruments found in the Hornbostel–Sachs system of musical instrument classification. In order to produce sound with these aerophones, the player makes a ribbon-shaped flow of air with their lips, or their breath is directed through a duct against an edge.
421.1 Flutes without duct – The player creates a ribbon-shaped stream of air with their lips.
421.11 End-blown flutes – The player blows against the sharp rim at the upper open end of a tube.
421.111 Individual end-blown flutes
421.111.1 Open single end-blown flutes – The lower end of the flute is open.
421.111.11 Without fingerholes.
421.111.12 With fingerholes.
421.111.2 Stopped single end-blown flutes – The lower end of the flute is closed.
421.111.21 Without fingerholes.
421.111.22 With fingerholes.
421.112 Sets of end-blown flutes or panpipes – Several end-blown flutes of different pitch are combined to form a single instrument.
421.112.1 Open panpipes.
421.112.11 Open panpipes – The pipes are tied together in the form of a board, or they are made by drilling tubes *in a board.
421.112.12 Open bundle pipes – The pipes are tied together in a round bundle.
421.112.2 Stopped panpipes
421.112.3 Mixed open and stopped panpipes.
421.12 Side-blown flutes – The player blows against the sharp rim of a hole in the side of the tube.
421.121 side-blown flutes.
421.121.1 Open side-blown flutes.
421.121.11 Without fingerholes.
421.121.12 With fingerholes
421.121.2 Partly stopped side-blown flutes - The lower end of the tube is a natural node of the pipe pierced by a small hole.
421.121.3 Stopped side-blown flutes.
421.121.31 Without fingerholes.
421.121.311 With fixed stopped lower end -.
421.121.312 With adjustable stopped lower end
421.121.32 With fingerholes.
421.122 Sets of side-blown flutes.
421.122.1 Sets of open side-blown flutes.
421.122.2 Sets of stopped side-blown flutes.
421.13 Vessel flutes The body of the pipe is not tubular but vessel-shaped.
421.2 Flutes with duct or duct flutes - A narrow duct directs the air-stream against the sharp edge of a lateral orifice
421.21 Flutes with external duct - The duct is outside the wall of the flute; this group includes flutes with the duct chamfered in the wall under a ring-like sleeve and other similar arrangements.
421.211 flutes with external duct.
421.211.1 Open flutes with external duct.
421.211.11 Without fingerholes.
421.211.12 With fingerholes.
421.211.2 Partly stopped flutes with external duct.
421.211.3 Stopped flutes with external duct.
421.212 Sets of flute with external duct.
421.22 Flutes with internal duct - The duct is inside the tube. This group includes flutes with the duct formed by an internal baffle and an exterior tied-on cover.
421.221 flutes with internal duct.
421.221.1 Open flutes with internal duct.
421.221.11 Without fingerholes.
421.221.12 With fingerholes.
421.221.2 Partly stopped flute with internal duct.
421.221.3 Stopped flutes with internal duct.
421.221.31 Without fingerholes.
421.221.311 With fixed stopped lower end.
421.221.312 With adjustable stopped lower end.
421.221.4 Vessel flutes with duct.
421.221.41 Without fingerholes
421.221.42 With fingerholes
421.222 Sets of flutes with internal duct.
421.222.1 Sets of open flutes with internal duct.
421.222.11 Without fingerholes - Open flue stops of the organ.
421.222.12 With fingerholes
  • Double flageolet.
421.222.2 Sets of partly stopped flutes with internal duct.
421.222.3 Sets of stopped flutes with internal duct.