Eco-sufficiency
Ecological sufficiency, or simply sufficiency, refers to the concept or strategy to reduce the environmental footprint of societies through moderating the need for energy, carbon and material-based services and products. The term was popularised by authors such as Thomas Princen, a professor at MIT, in his 2005 book The Logic of Sufficiency. As a goal, sufficiency is about ensuring that all humans can live a good life within planetary boundaries, meaning without overshooting the ecological limits of the Earth and thus limiting resource use and pollution. Princen argues that "seeking enough when more is possible is both intuitive and rational – personally, organizationally and ecologically. And under global ecological constraint, it is ethical."
In order to operationalise sufficiency, principles and ideas of concrete actions and policies have been proposed by various authors. Sufficiency may be approached at the individual level as a personal attitude or life philosophy, as well as a core collective value that could amend the notion of liberal societies. In terms of lifestyles, it is strongly related to the concepts of voluntary simplicity and downshifting.
There are significant barriers to the widespread adoption of sufficiency, as it goes against current dominant social paradigms. However, there are signs of change in some trends, be they motivated by environmental concerns or other co-benefits. Sufficiency usually triggers debates around the notions of needs, wants, and 'enoughness'. Its impact on the economy and the role of rebound effects are also challenges to be addressed.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent energy crisis in 2022 have put a significant pressure on energy supply, notably in Europe, and popularised the concept of sufficiency and sufficiency policies. For instance, France has published a National energy sufficiency plan in October 2022.
Background
Definitions
Sufficiency is a concept that relates both to an ideal and a strategy to achieve it.As a goal, sufficiency is about ensuring that all humans can live a good life without overshooting the ecological limits of the Earth, and defining what that good life may be made of. As a sustainability strategy, sufficiency is mainly concerned with the limitation and reduction of consumption and production levels without threatening the fulfillment of fundamental human needs. For this endeavor, potential is primarily seen in the Global North, where consumption levels and environmental impacts are particularly high.
As an increasing number of experts consider that technical progress and greener technologies alone will not be enough to achieve this goal, sufficiency also designates the societal transformations that will be necessary to bring production and consumption patterns to a level compatible with the goal. It raises the question of individual and social limitations on these current patterns, building in particular on a sense of "enoughness". The IPCC defines sufficiency as "a set of policy measures and daily practices that avoid the demand for energy, materials, land, water, and other natural resources while providing wellbeing for all within the planetary boundaries".
The term sufficiency has been popularised by Thomas Princen's book The Logic of Sufficiency published in 2005, in which he argues that "seeking enough when more is possible is both intuitive and rational – personally, organizationally and ecologically. And under global ecological constraint, it is ethical."
Sufficiency may be approached at individual level as a personal attitude or life philosophy, as well as a core collective value that could amend the notion of liberal societies.
Sufficiency can be interpreted and discussed in virtually all social settings and economic sectors. In terms of lifestyles, it is strongly related to the concepts of voluntary simplicity and downshifting.
Energy sufficiency
The concept of sufficiency has been primarily developed in the area of energy consumption, where levels of greenhouse gas emissions far exceed what the planet may absorb and "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society" are necessary according to IPCC.Drawing on the limits of technical efficiency and rebound effects, sufficiency proponents argue that energy demand and its associated emissions cannot be sufficiently reduced if the root causes of this demand are not addressed, that is the nature and level of the energy services our societies rely on.
In that prospect, energy sufficiency is about questioning and reducing energy demand through "changes in quantity or quality" of the energy-based services consumed, notably by "favouring behaviours and activities that are intrinsically low on energy use".
The boundary between efficiency and sufficiency actions are not always precisely set; some authors have a broad conception of efficiency that may include aspects of lifestyle change.
Academic work released in 2022 systematically classified and databased specific public policy measures that can, individually collectively, contribute to the uptake energy sufficiency.
Material sufficiency
Sufficiency is also applicable to material consumption. Similar to energy sufficiency, it consists in reducing demand for services and activities requiring high level of material resources, and favouring intrinsically lean ones. It is for instance associated with the ideas of avoiding wasteful consumption, owning fewer products, and prolonging their lifetimes.Here also, depending on authors' definitions, the boundary between efficiency and sufficiency may not always be perfectly drawn. As an illustration, a report for UNEP classifies items such as reducing living spaces, driving smaller cars and car sharing as material efficiency, while they would be more traditionally viewed as sufficiency.
Potential impact
Sufficiency largely remains a blindspot in most established ecological/energy transition scenarios, where efficiency and greener technologies are the main and only strategies usually modelled.There are exceptions though. The French négaWatt Association has assessed the potential of energy sufficiency at the level of France, through its national négaWatt 2050 scenario. The scenario is based on three principles with the goal of reaching a factor 2 reduction on energy demand and factor 4 on greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, involving changes in lifestyles and societal organisation considered as reasonable by the modellers. Sufficiency appears to be able to provide more final energy savings than efficiency.
A German study found that sufficiency measures could lead to a theoretical reduction of 70% of energy consumption at the level of households. The calculation assumes sufficiency measures encompassing the size of appliances as well as in their usage patterns.
A number of other scenarios and models lead to similar conclusions on the magnitude of saving potentials.
In order to encourage and improve the robustness and visibility of sufficiency modelling in energy scenarios, guidelines and recommendations have been published e.g. by the Ministry of Environment in Germany, or the SHIFT Project in France).
Implementation
Principles
While several established environmental strategies and policies do not question upstream the need for perpetual growth in energy and material services, sufficiency does. It needs to be translated into implementation principles to challenge current lifestyles and social paradigms. The "Four D's" suggested by Wolfgang Sachs are one example:- Decelerate ;
- De-clutter ;
- Decentralize ;
- Decommercialization.
Sufficiency, as a strategy, may also be operationalised through distinguishing between different approaches to limiting the need for energy/resource-intensive services:
- Reducing ;
- Substituting ;
- Better sizing ;
- Sharing.
Concrete sufficiency actions
There are many examples of individual and collective actions and changes that fall under the sufficiency approach. The following list provides some:- Living and working in smaller spaces;
- Moderating internal temperatures in buildings;
- Using natural rather than artificial light;
- Choosing smaller appliances ;
- Owning and using less appliances and electronic products;
- Sharing equipment between businesses;
- Flying less;
- Favouring low-energy transport modes ;
- Sharing vehicles;
- Promoting remote work and flextime;
- Prolonging the lifetime of products through repairing, re-using, and fighting obsolescence;
- Refraining from fast fashion;
- Favouring local low-techs over high-techs;
- Switching to vegan and vegetarian diets;
- Buying locally produced food;
- Avoiding food waste and packaging waste.
Sufficiency drivers and policies
One of the main barriers to sufficiency, often put forward by sceptics, is the dominant social paradigm in liberal societies which values material possession, greed, power, individualism, social differentiation through consumption, and other mindsets that conflict with the mentalities that sufficiency requires. However, as environmental concerns grow, there are also signs showing the potential beginning of sufficiency trends. Three examples are:- The growth of cycling for daily trips in an increasing number of cities worldwide;
- The "flight shame" movement;
- The reduction of average beef consumption in some countries.
There is increasing research into the role of policies in fostering sufficiency, although sufficiency is still in conflict with the ideological orientation of many decision-makers who are reluctant to engage with this idea.
Policies that are viewed as supportive of sufficiency include:
- Energy/resource taxation, especially progressive taxation ;
- Personal carbon allowances;
- Phase-out or restrictions on certain highly intensive energy/resource-based services;
- Investments in alternative mobility infrastructures ;
- Alternative urban planning reducing the need for individual transport means;
- Facilitating building sharing;
- Environmental labelling based on absolute product impacts or progressive indicators ;
- Incentives to encourage sufficiency behaviours and projects, such as financial bonus/malus schemes based on the absolute energy consumption of services;
- Evolutions in public prescriptions to alter social norms;
- Information, communication, and educational campaigns and tools.
Limits and challenges
The discussion around needs, wants and ''enoughness''
As it builds on a sense of self and collective moderation in relation to the consumption of energy and material-based services, sufficiency requires drawing a line between wants seen as superfluous and actual justified needs. It triggers potentially complex and contentious theoretical and practical questions. Answers may differ culturally, change with time and context, as well as depend on income and other socio-economic factors.The issue is not only relevant at the level of individual values, ethics, and lifestyles, but also for public decisions. As an illustration, whereas building or extending an airport was rarely challenged successfully in the past, two recent decisions show this has changed: the decision of the French government to drop the Notre-Dame-des-Landes airport in 2018, and the UK court decision to rule Heathrow's extension illegal over climate change in 2020.
Economic impact
Sufficiency supposes a moderation in the consumption and development of high energy-based and material-based services, which are often delivered by or associated with goods and equipment. Thus, sufficiency means limitations on current consumption levels of some products and renouncing some types of infrastructures.A common criticism, shared with the degrowth concept, is that this would hurt economic growth, increase unemployment and lead to social problems. While it is clear that current energy and resource intensive services would be hit by sufficiency, leaner, more local, and employment-intensive activities would also be fostered in the meantime.
There is currently limited research on the macroeconomic impacts of a sufficiency-based society. Notably, there is a lack of understanding of how systematic sufficiency-based business models could be developed and promoted, and how it would change the economic system.
Rebound effects
A third objection to sufficiency is that, as for efficiency, the energy and material savings could lead to indirect rebound effects.This suggests that sufficiency should be implemented as comprehensively as possible, to avoid savings in one sector being annihilated by the growing environmental footprint of another. Capping incomes and resource use are strategies that could mitigate rebound effects.
Research
Ongoing projects
This scientific network has been established in 2018 to bring together scientists and experts from around the world and from various fields working on sufficiency. It aims to increase the visibility of the topic, facilitate networking activities and information sharing, and act as a resource centre. It maintains a bibliographical database on sufficiency including hundreds of references and publications.- – EU funded Project
- – EU funded project
This carbon-neutrality scenario for the EU is developed through a bottom-up approach of national trajectories constructed by 20+ national partners from the academic world, research, or civil society. It includes a strong consideration for energy sufficiency and lifestyle changes to reduce energy demand.
- – IIASA
This German research project led by a team of young researchers wants to investigate which sufficiency policies are needed in order to enable people to consume less resources and aim at integrating sufficiency options in energy and climate scenarios. The project has organised workshops, published papers, and established the European Sufficiency Policy Database, a collection of hundreds of potential policy measures to foster sufficiency at various levels.
This project involves multidisciplinary qualitative and modelling approaches to answer three research questions: What are the biophysical resources required to achieve human well-being? What influence do social and technical systems have on the levels of resource use associated with well-being? If remaining within planetary boundaries requires rapid decreases in resource use, how could these scarce resources best be employed to preserve well-being?
- – BMBF / FONA
- – BOKU & Duisburg-Essen University
This 5-year project in political philosophy focuses on 'Limitarianism' and 'Sufficientarianism', i.e. the view that there should be upper limits to how much a person could have of valuable goods. The philosophical argumentation is discussed, as well as what 'limitarian' institutions could look like. The team involves five researchers and produced publications, events and blogs during the project.
- – Ecole Polytechnique and University of Nantes
- – university of Caen-Normandie
- – ZHAW Switzerland
The research project analyzes how rural municipalities in Switzerland can adopt sufficiency policies and contribute to sustainable development. It examines the potential for sufficiency policies in rural municipalities, the factors that hinder and promote such policies, and how the superordinate political levels can support municipalities in developing and implementing sufficiency policies.
The primary objective of the MidWay-project is to probe the concept of sufficiency as a useful organising principle to achieve reduced consumption based on the empirical inputs from meat and milk practices in China. Host Institution for the project is the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and PI is Associate professor Marius Korsnes.
- – IÖW
- – Belgium
The project identifies sufficiency approaches in the building sector and political-legal measures for their strategic anchoring and support, with which potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions can be exploited in addition to efficiency and consistency strategies. To this end, existing sufficiency approaches and concepts in the building sector will be researched and analyzed, e.g. the optimization of existing use or the adaptability of buildings to changing conditions of use and requirements over the life cycle, for which significant potential for greenhouse gas mitigation and the reduction of further environmental impacts and resource consumption can be demonstrated. For this purpose, current methods of modeling and quantifying sufficiency in climate, energy and resource scenarios will be taken up.
The WEFEL project addresses the energy transition through a social practices and wellbeing approach. Energy scenarios are not always relatable to people, and often focused on technological solutions for the future. The aim of the project was to translate energy scenarios into personas from the future that represent what everyday life could look like in Geneva in 2035. The personas were then discussed in participatory workshops relating the personas to understandings of the good life, through a needs-based approach, 2) discussing trade-offs between energy reduction potentials and the good life, and 3) reflecting on necessary changes, collective and individual, towards the normative goal of the good life in an energy transition. The results demonstrate that people can reflect on social change in the present, moving beyond personal practices towards more collective forms of change that would be necessary for the future.
Past projects
The IntSuf project aimed at integrating knowledge about the social dynamics of energy consumption into energy modelling tools in order to develop sustainable energy scenarios that will be more useful in policy making. The project integrated experiences from European research of sustainable energy practices initiatives into two energy modelling tools and developed modified Danish, Latvian and Lithuanian national sustainable energy scenarios building upon the combination of sufficiency, efficiency and renewable energy.- – eceee
- – EU project
- – EU project
- – Swiss project at the Basel University
- – French project
- – IÖW / TU Berlin
- – Project from Öko-Institut
- Scenarios for sufficiency and societal changes – Project in the French Hauts-de-France Region
- – French local project
- I – Ifeu, ISOE, FH Dortmund