E Company, 506th Infantry Regiment (United States)
E Company, 2nd Battalion of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division, the "Screaming Eagles", is a company in the United States Army. The company was referred to as "Easy" after the radio call for "E" in the phonetic alphabet used during World War II. The experiences of its members during that war are the subject of the 1992 book Band of Brothers by historian Stephen Ambrose and the 2001 HBO miniseries of the same name.
History
Training and composition
The 506th PIR was an experimental airborne regiment created in 1942 to jump from C-47 transport airplanes into hostile territory.E Company was established at Camp Toccoa, Georgia, under the command of 1st Lieutenant Herbert Sobel. Before attending paratrooper training, the unit's troops performed the standard battle drills and physical training that comes with being in the parachute infantry. One of the exercises was running Currahee, a large, steep hill whose trail ran "three miles up, three miles down". The troops also performed formation runs in three four-column running groups, an innovation that was adopted by the Army in the 1960s.
Sobel, who was known for his extreme strictness, got the troops in such impeccable physical condition that they were able to skip the physical training portion of Jump School.
E Company's third-ever commander, 1st Lieutenant Richard Winters, said E Company originally "included three rifle platoons and a headquarters section. Each platoon contained three twelve-man rifle squads and a six-man mortar team squad. Easy also had one machine gun attached to each of its rifle squads, and a 60mm mortar in each mortar team."
Mutiny protesting Sobel's leadership
While waiting for the invasion of Normandy, Easy Company was located at Aldbourne, Wiltshire, England.The tension that had been brewing between Winters and Sobel came to a head. For some time, Winters had privately held concerns over Sobel's ability to lead the company in combat. Many of the enlisted men in the company had come to respect Winters for his competence and had also developed their own concerns about Sobel's leadership. Winters later said that he never wanted to compete with Sobel for command of Easy Company; still, Sobel attempted to bring Winters up on trumped-up charges for "failure to carry out a lawful order". Feeling that his punishment was unjust, Winters requested that the charge be reviewed by court-martial. One day after Winters' punishment was set aside by battalion commander Major Robert L. Strayer, Sobel brought Winters up on another charge. During the investigation, Winters was transferred to the Headquarters Company and appointed as the battalion mess officer.
A number of the company's non-commissioned officers decided to give the regimental commander, Colonel Robert Sink, an ultimatum: replace Sobel, or they would surrender their stripes. Sink was not impressed. He demoted to private and transferred to other companies the two platoon sergeants who were considered to be the ringleaders: Terrence "Salty" Harris and Myron Ranney, sent to I Company.
Still, Sink realized that something had to be done and decided to transfer Sobel out of Easy Company, giving him command of a new parachute training school at Chilton Foliat. Winters' court-martial was set aside and he returned to Easy Company as a lieutenant of 1st Platoon. Winters later said he felt that despite his differences with Sobel, at least part of Easy Company's success had been due to Sobel's strenuous training and high expectations.
In February 1944, First Lieutenant Thomas Meehan was given command of Easy Company.
Shortly after their transfer, Harris and Ranney joined the Pathfinders, which consisted of around 80 volunteers from every unit who would land first and guide the way for the main waves of the invasion. Being a Pathfinder was a difficult job, and it meant being out in front and facing the German army alone. Shortly before the invasion, Ranney wrote to Winters, pleading his case, and five days before the invasion, orders came in transferring Ranney back to Easy Company.
Operation Overlord (D-Day)
For Operation Overlord, E Company's mission was to capture the entrances to and clear any obstacles around "Causeway 2", a pre-selected route off Utah Beach for the Allied forces landing from the sea a few hours later.The company departed from Upottery airbase in Devon, England, and dropped over the Cotentin Peninsula of Normandy, France, in the early hours of the morning of 6 June 1944. Easy Company flew in eight aircraft in Sticks #66-73, with about 17 paratroopers per stick.
Destruction of Stick 66
Most of Easy Company's headquarters section was assigned to Stick #66, with Robert Burr Smith and Joseph "Red" Hogan assigned to other planes to save weight. The 17 members of Stick #66 included company commander Meehan and three of its most senior non-commissioned officers: First Sergeant Bill Evans, Staff Sergeant Murray Roberts and Sergeant Elmer Murray. Sergeant Carwood Lipton recalled later that he had strategized various combat situations with Sergeant Murray while the rest of Easy Company went to the movies the day before the jump.Plane #66 led a diamond formation that also included #67 to the left, #68 to the right, and #69 in the trailing position. Over France, the plane carrying Stick #66 was hit by anti-aircraft fire. The pilot did a 180-degree turn and turned the landing lights on as the plane lost altitude, but it hit a hedgerow and exploded, killing all aboard. The crash was witnessed by Ed Mauser of E Company's 2nd Platoon, who had leaped from plane #69 after it was hit by flak and the pilot turned on the green jump light. Mauser's neck was snapped back by his plane's prop blast and he faced backward as he floated downwards, giving him a view of plane #66.
Brecourt Manor assault
With Meehan missing, Richard Winters was the most senior officer in Easy Company and took command. After assembling on the ground, the men of E Company disabled a battery of four German heavy guns on D-Day that threatened forces coming along Causeway 2.Leadership changes
The loss of so many officers and NCOs on D-Day brought several changes to Easy Company. Technically, Lieutenant Raymond Schmitz, 2nd Platoon Leader, was still with Easy Company but got injured the day before D-Day after demanding Richard Winters wrestle him, and was replaced by Buck Compton.| Position | D-Day incumbent | New leader | Market Garden | Bastogne | Haguenau |
| Commanding Officer | 1st Lt. Thomas Meehan | 1st Lt. Richard Winters | Capt. Richard Winters/1st Lt. Fredrick Heyliger | 1st Lt. Norman Dike Jr | 1st Lt. Ronald Speirs |
| Executive Officer | Vacant | Vacant | 1st Lt. Harry Welsh | ||
| 1st Platoon Leader | 1st Lt. Richard Winters | 2nd Lt. Harry Welsh | 1st Lt. Thomas Peacock | 1st Lt. Thomas Peacock/1st Lt. Jack Foley | 1st Lt. Jack Foley |
| 2nd Platoon Leader | 2nd Lt. Warren Roush | 2nd Lt. Buck Compton | 1st Lt. Buck Compton | T/Sgt. Donald Malarkey | |
| 3rd Platoon Leader | 2nd Lt. Robert Mathews | 2nd Lt. Warren Roush | 2nd Lt. Edward Shames | 2nd Lt. Edward Shames | 2nd Lt. Edward Shames |
| 1st Platoon Assistant | 2nd Lt. Harry Welsh | Vacant | 2nd Lt. Robert Brewer | 2nd Lt. Jack Foley | |
| 2nd Platoon Assistant | 2nd Lt. Buck Compton | Vacant | 2nd Lt. Henry Jones | ||
| 3rd Platoon Assistant | S/Sgt. C. Carwood Lipton | 2nd Lt. Francis O’Brien | |||
| First Sergeant | 1/Sgt. William Evans | S/Sgt. James Diel | 1/Sgt. C. Carwood Lipton | 1/Sgt. C. Carwood Lipton | |
| 1st Platoon Sergeant | S/Sgt. Leo Boyle | S/Sgt. Leo Boyle | S/Sgt. Floyd Talbert | ||
| 2nd Platoon Sergeant | S/Sgt. James Diel | Sgt. William Guarnere | S/Sgt. William Guarnere | ||
| 3rd Platoon Sergeant | S/Sgt. C. Carwood Lipton | S/Sgt. C. Carwood Lipton | T/Sgt. Amos J. Taylor | T/Sgt. Amos J. Taylor | S/Sgt. Paul Rogers |
Carentan
The capture of Carentan would allow the Americans to link Omaha and Utah beaches, providing access for armor and equipment. The Germans were aware of its strategic importance and had established defenses. Donald Malarkey wrote later that Lieutenant Winters made him mortar sergeant of second platoon.The four-day Battle of Carentan began on 10 June 1944. E Company, along with Dog and Fox companies, were walking down the road to Carentan when they came to an intersection and one or two German machine gun teams began firing on them. Mortars and tanks soon joined the fight. The American soldiers all jumped into ditches for cover. Winters saw this and as Malarkey wrote, Winters "got hotter than I've ever seen him". It was a fast attack, at the end of which Malarkey said that he could hear moans and groans of wounded soldiers and occasional gun shots. Also at the end of the battle Winters suffered a minor wound in his lower right leg by a ricocheting bullet fragment. The Germans mounted a counterattack, but 2nd Battalion held onto Carentan.