Haplogroup E-M35


E-M35, also known as E1b1b1-M35, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M35 has two basal branches, E-V68 and E-Z827. E-V68 and E-Z827 are primarily distributed in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, and occur at lower frequencies in the Middle East, Europe, and Southern Africa.

Origins

In June 2015, Trombetta et al. reported a previously unappreciated large difference in the age between haplogroup E-M215 and its sub-haplogroup E-M35 and estimated its origin to be in Horn of Africa, where the node separating the E-V38 and E-M215 branches occurs about 47,500 years ago. E-M35 was dated by Batini in 2015 to between 15,400 and 20,500 years ago.
All major sub-branches of E-M35 are thought to have originated in the same general area as the parent clade: in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, or nearby areas of the Near East. Some branches of E-M35 are assumed to have left Africa thousands of years ago, whereas others may have arrived from the Near East. For example, associates the spread of the haplogroup with the Neolithic Revolution, believing that the structure and regional pattern of E-M35 subclades potentially give "reagents with which to infer specific episodes of population histories associated with the Neolithic agricultural expansion". also estimate that E-M78 has been in Europe longer than 10,000 years. Accordingly, human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from approximately 7,000 years ago were shown to be in this haplogroup. Two more E-M78 have been found in the Neolithic Sopot and Lengyel cultures too.
Concerning E-M35 in Europe within this scheme, have remarked that E-M215 seems to represent a late-Pleistocene migration from North Africa to Europe over the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. While this proposal remains uncontested, it has more recently been proposed by that there is also evidence for additional migration of E-M215 carrying men directly from North Africa to southwestern Europe, via a maritime route

Ancient DNA

Loosdrecht et al. analysed genome-wide data from seven ancient Iberomaurusian individuals from the Grotte des Pigeons near Taforalt in eastern Morocco. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. The scientists found that five male specimens with sufficient nuclear DNA preservation all belonged to the E1b1b1a1 subclade, with one skeleton bearing the E1b1b1a1b1 parent lineage to E-V13. Martiniano et al. later reassigned all the Taforalt samples to haplogroup E-M78 and none to E-L618, the predecessor to E-V13.
According to Lazaridis et al., Natufian skeletal remains from the ancient Levant predominantly carried the Y-DNA haplogroup E. Of the five Natufian specimens analysed for paternal lineages, one belonged to CT, one to E-M35, one to E-M215, one to E-Z830. Haplogroup E-M35 was also found the dominant marker among fossils from the ensuing Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture, with the E-M78 and E-Z830 subclades observed in multiple PPNB specimens. The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have spread westward into North Africa, bringing along Western Eurasian and Basal Eurasian ancestral components.
Following Fregel et al., two Neolithic farmers from the North African site of Ifri n Ammar ou Moussa belonged to haplogroup E-L19. The majority of their genomes traced back to Natufian and PPN ancestry, indicating a recent intrusion into North Africa from the Levant. Their presence is likely linked to the spread of pastoral technologies from the Levant into North Africa.
Haplogroup E-M35 has been identified among both Amorite and Akkadian remains, found in the sites of Megiddo, Ebla, and Alalakh. It is also attested among later Semitic populations, such as the Phoenicians who settled throughout the Mediterranean region, where it appears to have been the most prevalent lineage. Additionally, analyses of medieval Andalusian remains indicate that individuals examined for paternal DNA overwhelmingly belonged to the E-M81 subclade.
In Egypt, haplogroup E-V1515 has been identified in the remains of an elite Egyptian individual from the site of Nuerat, dating to the Old Kingdom period, while haplogroup E-V22 has been detected in an ancient Egyptian mummy excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, dated to between the late New Kingdom and the Roman era.

Distribution

E-M215 and E-M35 are quite common among Afroasiatic speakers. The linguistic group and carriers of E-M35 lineage have a high probability to have arisen and dispersed together from the Afroasiatic Urheimat. Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of Palestinians and Jewish male lineages are E-M35. Haplogroup E-M35, which accounts for approximately 18% to 20% of 18% of Palestinians and Ashkenazi and 8.6% to 30% of Sephardi Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Palestinian and the Jewish population.
The following table only includes sample populations with more than 1% E-M215 men with all known subclades as of June 2015. It contains the E-V1515 clade defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, and all the E1b1b subclades distributed below the Sahara, which were identified as E-M35 basal clades in a former phylogeny.
PopulationNRegionLanguageTotal
E-M215		E-V2009E-M78*E-V1477E-V1083*E-V13E-V22E-V12*E-V32E-V259E-V65E-V257*E-M81E-M123*E-M34E-V1515*E-V1486*E-V2881*E-V1792E-V92E-M293*E-V3065E-V42E-V1785*E-V6E-V16
Northern Africa
Zriba Arabs31TunisiaAA/Semitic100
Reguibate Arabs20AlgeriaAA/Semitic80
Kairouan Arabs49TunisiaAA/Semitic89.6
Jerba Arabs47TunisiaAA/Semitic93.6
Moroccan Arabs55MoroccoAA/Semitic15.90.00.00.00.00.07.30.00.00.032.70.030.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Asni Berbers54MoroccoAA/Berber85.20.00.00.00.00.03.70.00.00.00.01.979.60.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Bouhria Berbers67MoroccoAA/Berber79.10.00.00.00.01.50.00.00.00.00.00.077.60.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Middle Atlas Berbers69MoroccoAA/Berber81.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.010.10.071.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Marrakech Berbers27MoroccoAA/Berber92.60.00.00.00.00.03.73.70.00.00.03.777.80.03.70.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Souss Berbers34MoroccoAA/Berber79.42.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.076.50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Ouarzazate Berbers31MoroccoAA/Berber54.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.054.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Mozabite Berbers67AlgeriaAA/Berber89.60.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.01.50.086.60.01.50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Tunisian Jews10TunisiaAA/Semitic20.00.00.010.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.010.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Libyan Arabs10LibyaAA/Semitic20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.020.00.030.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Libyan Jews23LibyaAA/Semitic26.10.00.00.00.04.30.00.00.00.04.30.00.00.017.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Northern Egyptians49EgyptAA/Semitic20.90.00.00.00.02.016.34.12.00.00.00.04.14.110.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Egyptian Berbers from Siwa93EgyptAA/Semitic18.30.00.00.00.00.00.02.20.00.04.32.21.10.02.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.06.50.0
Egyptians from Baharia41EgyptAA/Semitic56.10.00.00.00.02.422.014.60.00.02.47.34.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.02.40.0
Egyptians from Gurna Oasis34EgyptAA/Semitic17.60.05.90.00.00.00.08.82.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Southern Egyptians47EgyptAA/Semitic78.70.00.00.00.00.00.074.50.00.00.00.00.02.12.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Western/Central Africa
Mandenka16SenegalNC/Mande6.30.00.00.00.00.00.06.30.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Tuareg22NigerAA/Berber13.60.00.00.00.00.00.04.50.00.00.00.09.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Daba29Cameroon AA/Chadic3.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.03.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Guidar9Cameroon AA/Chadic11.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.011.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Mandara82Cameroon AA/Chadic2.40.00.00.00.00.00.01.20.00.00.01.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Shuwa Arabs5Cameroon AA/Semitic20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.020.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Fulbe from Cameroon76Cameroon NC/Atlantic1.31.30.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Moundang21Cameroon NC/Adamawa4.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.04.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Eastern Africa
Tigre5EritreaAA/Semitic100.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.060.00.00.00.00.00.00.020.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.020.00.0
Nara15EritreaNS/Sudanic60.00.00.00.00.00.06.70.013.30.00.00.00.00.00.013.36.70.00.00.00.00.013.30.06.70.0
Cunama20EritreaNS/Cunama65.00.00.00.00.00.05.00.020.00.00.00.00.00.05.00.00.05.00.00.00.00.015.010.05.00.0
Saho94EritreaAA/Cushitic98.90.00.00.01.10.088.30.00.00.00.00.00.00.01.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.08.50.0
Tigrai32Eritrea/EthiopiaAA/Semitic71.90.00.00.00.00.03.13.121.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.03.13.10.00.00.00.00.031.36.30.0
Afar25DjiboutiAA/Cushitic60.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.04.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.056.00.0
Somali40DjiboutiAA/Cushitic25.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.025.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Ethiopian Jews22EthiopiaAA/Cushitic31.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.09.10.00.00.00.00.013.60.00.00.00.00.00.00.09.10.00.00.0
Amhara82EthiopiaAA/Semitic45.10.00.00.00.00.02.40.011.00.00.00.00.00.013.40.00.02.40.01.20.00.01.20.08.54.9
Oromo62EthiopiaAA/Cushitic53.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.022.60.00.00.00.00.04.80.00.017.70.00.01.60.03.20.01.61.6
Wolayta12EthiopiaAA/Omotic58.30.00.00.00.00.08.30.08.30.00.00.00.00.08.30.00.08.30.00.08.30.00.00.016.70.0
Somali12EthiopiaAA/Cushitic50.00.00.00.00.00.08.30.025.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.016.70.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Gurage7EthiopiaAA/Semitic42.90.00.00.00.00.028.60.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.014.30.0
Somali5SomaliaAA/Cushitic100.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.080.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.020.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Turkana6KenyaNS/Sudanic50.00.00.00.00.00.033.30.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.016.70.00.00.00.00.0
Borana9KenyaAA/Cushitic77.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.066.70.00.011.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Somali6KenyaAA/Cushitic100.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.066.70.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.016.70.00.00.00.00.00.016.70.0
Nilotic Western Kenya11KenyaNS/Sudanic45.50.00.00.00.00.09.19.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.018.20.00.00.09.10.0
Luhya51KenyaNC/Bantu9.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.05.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.03.90.00.00.00.00.0
Other Bantu17KenyaNC/Bantu11.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.011.80.00.00.00.00.0
Kikuyu9KenyaNC/Bantu11.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.011.10.00.00.00.00.0
Maasai45KenyaNS/Sudanic37.80.00.00.00.00.06.70.06.70.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.024.40.00.00.00.00.0
Tutsi9BurundiNC/Bantu22.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.022.20.00.00.00.00.0
Southern Africa
!Kung64AngolaKS10.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.09.41.60.00.00.00.0
Khwe26NamibiaKS30.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.030.80.00.00.00.00.0
Bantu8South AfricaNC/Bantu12.50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.012.50.00.00.00.00.0
Europe
Northern Portuguese50PortugalIE10.00.00.00.00.04.00.00.00.00.00.00.04.00.00.02.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Southern Portuguese49PortugalIE16.30.00.00.00.04.10.00.00.00.00.00.012.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Pasiegos from Cantabria56SpainIE42.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.01.841.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Asturians90SpainIE12.20.00.00.00.05.64.40.00.00.00.00.02.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Southern Spaniards62SpainIE6.50.00.00.00.00.03.20.00.00.00.01.61.60.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Spanish Basques55SpainBasque3.60.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.03.60.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
French85FranceIE8.20.00.00.00.03.50.01.20.00.00.00.03.50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
French Basques16FranceBasque6.30.00.00.00.00.00.06.30.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Corsicans140FranceIE6.40.00.00.00.04.30.00.00.00.00.00.70.00.01.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Danish35DenmarkIE2.90.00.00.00.02.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Germans77GermanyIE3.90.00.00.00.03.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Northern Italians80ItalyIE11.30.00.00.00.06.32.50.00.00.00.00.01.30.01.30.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Central Italians356ItalyIE12.90.00.00.00.05.32.00.30.00.00.30.30.80.03.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Southern Italians141ItalyIE15.60.70.00.00.08.51.40.70.00.00.00.01.40.02.80.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Sicilians153ItalyIE20.30.00.00.00.07.24.60.70.00.00.70.00.70.06.50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Sardinians374ItalyIE8.30.80.00.00.31.10.80.30.00.01.10.30.30.03.50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Polish40PolandIE2.50.00.00.00.02.50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Slovenians104SloveniaIE2.90.00.00.00.02.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Estonians74EstoniaU5.40.00.00.00.04.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Hungarians106HungaryU10.40.00.00.00.09.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Romanians30RomaniaIE26.70.00.00.00.026.70.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Macedonians99MacedoniaIE18.20.00.00.00.018.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Continental Greeks32GreeceIE28.10.00.00.00.025.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.03.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Bulgarians112BulgariaIE22.30.00.00.00.021.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Sephardic Bulgarians20BulgariaIE5.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.05.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Albanians21AlbaniaIE33.30.00.00.00.033.30.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Near East
Sephardic Turkish19TurkeyA10.50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.05.30.05.30.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Istanbul Turkish35TurkeyA17.10.00.00.00.02.95.70.00.00.00.00.05.70.02.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Southwestern Turkish40TurkeyA7.50.00.00.00.02.50.00.00.00.00.00.02.50.02.50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Northeastern Turkish41TurkeyA2.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.02.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Central Anatolian61TurkeyA9.80.00.00.00.04.90.01.60.00.00.00.00.00.03.30.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Southeastern Turkish24TurkeyA8.30.00.00.00.04.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.04.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Erzurum Turkish25TurkeyA12.00.00.00.00.00.00.04.00.00.00.00.00.00.08.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Turkish Cypriots46TurkeyA23.90.00.00.00.010.92.20.00.00.00.00.08.70.02.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Bedouins28IsraelAA/Semitic14.30.00.00.00.00.03.60.00.00.00.00.03.60.07.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Druze Arabs28IsraelAA/Semitic14.30.00.00.00.010.70.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.03.60.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Palestinians29IsraelAA/Semitic13.80.00.00.00.03.46.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.03.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Emiratis41United Arab EmiratesAA/Semitic7.30.00.00.00.00.02.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.04.90.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Omanites13OmanAA/Semitic15.40.00.00.00.00.07.70.00.00.00.00.00.00.07.70.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Yemenites94YemenAA/Semitic14.90.00.00.00.00.00.02.13.20.00.00.01.10.07.40.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.01.1

Exceptional cases of men who are M215 positive but M35 negative have been discovered so far in two Amharas of Ethiopia and one Yemeni. At least some of these men, perhaps all, are known since early 2011 to be in a rare sibling clade to E-M35, known as E-V16 or E-M281. The discovery of M281 was announced by, who found it in two Ethiopian Oromo. found 5 more Ethiopian individuals and an equivalent SNP to M281, V16. It was in the 2011 paper that the family tree position was discovered as described above.
The E-M215 derivative, E-M35 is defined by the M35 SNP. 1 Turkmen individual from Jawzjan with a subclade defining mutation is referred to as E-M35*. As of June 2015, there is an increasingly complex tree structure which divides most men in E-M35 into two branches: E-V68 and E-Z827.
The most frequently described subclades are E-M78, a part of E-V68, and E-M81, which is a branch of E-Z827. These two subclades represent the largest proportion of the modern E-M215 population. E-M78 is found over most of the range where E-M215 is found excluding Southern Africa. E-M81 is found mainly in North Africa. E-M123 is less common but widely scattered, with significant populations in specific parts of the Horn of Africa, the Levant, Arabia, Iberia, and Anatolia. A new clade was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes the E-V42, E-M293, E-V92 and E-V6 subclades, which were identified as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny.

Subclades

E-V68 (E1b1b1a)

E-V68, is dominated by its longer-known subclade E-M78. Three "E-V68*" individuals who are in E-V68 but not E-M78 have been reported in Sardinia, by, when announcing the discovery of V68. The authors noted that because E-V68* was not found in the Middle Eastern samples, this appears to be evidence of maritime migration from Africa to southwestern Europe.
E-M78 is a commonly occurring subclade, widely distributed in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Asia, "up to Southern Asia", and all of Europe. The European distribution has a frequency peak centered in parts of the Balkans and Sicily, and declining frequencies evident toward western, central, and northeastern Europe.
Based on genetic STR variance data, suggests that E-M78 originated in the region of Egypt and Libya. about 18,600 years ago. describe Egypt as "a hub for the distribution of the various geographically localized M78-related subclades" and, based on archaeological data, they propose that the point of origin of E-M78 may have been in a refugium which "existed on the border of present-day Sudan and Egypt, near Lake Nubia, until the onset of a humid phase around 8500 BC. The northward-moving rainfall belts during this period could have also spurred a rapid migration of Mesolithic foragers northwards in Africa, the Levant and ultimately onward to Asia Minor and Europe, where they each eventually differentiated into their regionally distinctive branches". Towards the south, also explain evidence that some subclades of E-M78, specifically E-V12 and E-V22, "might have been brought to Sudan from North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000–8,000 years ago". And similarly, propose that E-M78 in Ethiopia, Somalia and surrounding areas, back-migrated to this region from the direction of Egypt after acquiring the E-M78 mutation.
Recently, E-M78 was dated by Trombetta et al. 2015. between 20,300 and 14,800 years ago.

Subclades of E-M78

Listed here are the main subclades of M78 as of June 2015. Within the E-M78 subclade, Trombetta et al. 2015 allocated most of the former E-M78* chromosomes to three new distinct branches: E-V1083*, E-V1477 and E-V259. The first is a paragroup sister to clades E-V22 and E-V13. The mutation V1477 defines a new basal branch that has been observed only in one northern African sample. Finally, a sister clade of E-V12 defined by V264 includes E-V65 and V259, a new lineage distributed in central Africa.
  • E-M78 North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Europe.
  • *E-M78* Found in Morocco, southern Portugal, southern Spain and Iran.
  • *E-V1477 Found in Tunisian Jews.
  • *E-V1083
  • **E-V1083* Found only in Eritrea and Sardinia.
  • **E-V13 This is the most common subclade of E-M215 found in Europe. It is especially common in the Balkans.
  • **E-V22. Concentrated in Northeast Africa and the Near East. Peaks among the Saho.
  • *E-V1129
  • **E-V12. Found in Egypt, Sudan, and Chad other places. Has an important subclade
  • ***E-V12* Most common lineage among Southern Egyptians.
  • ***E-V32. Very common among Somalis, Tigre and Oromos.
  • **E-V264
  • ***E-V259 Found in North Cameroon.
  • ***E-V65 Associated with North Africa, but also found in Sicily and also found in continental Italy.
  • *E-M521 Not mentioned by Trombetta et al.2015. Found in two individuals in Greece by and in one individual from the Eastern Alpine region of Italy by

E-Z827 (E1b1b1b)

In human genetics, E-Z827, is the name of a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup abundantly found in North Africa, particularly the Maghreb, and to a lesser extent in Horn of Africa, the Near East and Europe.

E-L19 (E1b1b1b1)

To date, only two immediate downstream subclades of E-L19 have been recognized: E-PF2431 and E-M81.

'''E-M81'''

E-M81 is the dominant subclade of E-L19, accounting for more than 99% of its carriers. It has three main branches: E-M165, carried exclusively by a German and an Israeli; E-Y596059, carried by a Syrian from Damascus and an Iraqi Al Anbar; and E-CTS4236, carried exclusively by a Syrian from Quneitra, nearly all branches of E-M81 today derives from E-CTS4236. It is thought to have originated in the Near East, roughly 13,000 years ago, with subsequent expansions into Europe and North Africa occurring either about 1,000 years ago via Arab populations or around 3,000 years ago through Phoenician movements.
This distribution has been usually explained as a consequence of a westward expansion from the Near East and this event probably occurred in recent times, possibly about 2 kya . We calculated the forensic indexes including only the E-M81 subjects and we could observe an even more enhanced clinal pattern .
This haplogroup has been identified in a variety of historically significant populations, including the ancient Phoenicians from Malaka and Selinunte, Medieval Arab communities from Al-Andalus and the Emirate of Sicily, as well as among the indigenous population of the Canary Islands.
IDLanguageCultureCountryLocationDateStudy
I19190SemiticPhoenicianItalySelinunte700-400BCRingbauer at al. 2025
I3682SemiticPunico-RomanSpainLucena300-400ADCarrion et al. 2024
I21367SemiticPunico-RomanSpainMalaga416-700ADCarrion et al. 2024
GUN012UnknownGuancheSpainTenerife593-660 ADRodriguez-Varela et al. 2017
SP7089SemiticAndalusianFranceNarbonne637-765 ADGleize et al. 2016
SP7080SemiticAndalusianFranceNarbonne684-761 ADGleize et al. 2016
78SemiticAndalusianSpainPamplona680-780 ADde Miguel bánez 2016
107SemiticAndalusianSpainPamplona680-780 ADde Miguel Ibanez 2016
GUN011UnknownGuancheSpainTenerife704-887 ADRodriguez-Varela et al. 2017
GOG23SemiticAndalusianSpainVall Uixo706-888 ADOteo-Garcia et al. 2024
CAN02UnknownGuancheSpainLa Gomera774-994 ADSerrano et al. 2023
ST2933Indo-EuropeanFlemishBelgiumSint Truiden1020-1160 ADBeneker et al. 2025
CAN048UnknownGuancheSpainTenerife1028-1162 ADSerrano et al. 2023
GUN002UnknownGuancheSpainTenerife1031-1159 ADRodriguez-Varela et al. 2017
SGBN3SemiticAndalusianItalySegesta1050-1215 ADMonnereau et al. 2024
SGBN1SemiticAndalusianItalySegesta1050-1220 ADMonnereau et al. 2024
112644SemiticAndalusianSpainSagunto1100-1300 ADOlalde et al. 2019
112649SemiticAndalusianSpainSagunto1100-1300 ADOlalde et al. 2019
CAN012UnknownGuancheSpainGran Canaria1169-1265 ADSerrano et al. 2023
PT23221SemiticAndalusianPortugalSantarem1200-1300 ADRoca-Rada et al. 2024
CAN023UnknownGuancheSpainGran Canaria1221-1278 ADSerrano et al. 2023
CAN041UnknownGuancheSpainTenerife1228-1297 ADSerrano et al. 2023
CAN001UnknownGuancheSpainTenerife1272-1388 ADSerrano et al. 2023
CAN030UnknownGuancheSpainLa Gomera1288-1396 ADSerrano et al. 2023
CAN025UnknownGuancheSpainGran Canaria1303-1410 ADSerrano et al. 2023
CAN043UnknownGuancheSpainGran Canaria1322-1437 ADSerrano et al. 2023
CAN042UnknownGuancheSpainTenerife1327-1440 ADSerrano et al. 2023
CAN045UnknownGuancheSpainGran Canaria1444-1625 ADSerrano et al,.2023
ELW036Indo-EuropeanGermanGermanyEllwangen1486-1627 ADImmel et al. 2021
GOG59Indo-EuropeanAndalusianSpainVall Uixo1501-1600 ADOteo-Garcia et al. 2024
PT22190Indo-EuropeanPortugueseSpainAveiro1701-1800 ADRoca-Rada et al. 2024

'''E-PF2431'''

E-PF2431 is a minor subclade of E-L19 mostly found in Europe, with smaller but notable frequencies in the Middle East/North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. This haplogroup has been identified among Phoenicians from Motya, ancient Romans from Pompeii, and Medieval Arabs.

E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2)

This is a recently discovered subclade which has not yet been included in most haplogroup trees, E-Z830 includes the confirmed subclades of E-M123, E-V1515, and E-Z830*, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project] recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.
E-M123
E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.
E-V1515
A new clade was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny.
E-M293
E-M293 is a subclade of E-V1515. It was first identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830, being announced in, which associated it with the spread of pastoralism from East Africa into Southern Africa. So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the Datooga, Khwe (Kxoe), Burunge, and Sandawe peoples. Henn in their study also found two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males with the M293 mutation.
Other E-M215 subclades are rare in Southern Africa. The authors state "Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution.". They also say that "M293 is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * samples further north".
E-P72 appears in Karafet. announced that this is a subclade of E-M293.
E-V42
announced the discovery of E-V42 in two Beta Israel persons. It was suggested that it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia. However, further testing by commercial DNA testing companies confirmed many positive results for this subclade in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and one person in Portugal who has a root from Arabia.
E-V6
The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515 is defined by V6. identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia and also some in the neighboring Somalis. Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Amhara and 16.7% among the Wolayta.
To the south, identified one V6+ man in a sample of 35 Datooga of Tanzania. And further to the north, identified another 6 men in a sample of 93 from the Siwa Oasis, which is a Berber population
E-V92
announced the discovery of E-V92 in two Amharas. Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 ''''''YCC 2002 YCC 2005 YCC 2008 YCC 2010r ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
E-P2921III3A13Eu3H2BE*EEEEEEEEEE
E-M3321III3A13Eu3H2BE1*E1E1aE1aE1E1E1aE1aE1aE1aE1a
E-M4421III3A13Eu3H2BE1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1
E-M7521III3A13Eu3H2BE2aE2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2
E-M5421III3A13Eu3H2BE2bE2bE2bE2b1-------
E-P225III414Eu3H2BE3*E3E1bE1b1E3E3E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1
E-M28III515Eu2H2BE3a*E3aE1b1E1b1aE3aE3aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1a1E1b1a1
E-M588III515Eu2H2BE3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1a1aE1b1a1a1a
E-M116.28III515Eu2H2BE3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E1ba12removedremoved
E-M1498III515Eu2H2BE3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a1a1cE1b1a1a1c
E-M1548III515Eu2H2BE3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a1a1g1cE1b1a1a1g1c
E-M1558III515Eu2H2BE3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a1a1dE1b1a1a1d
E-M108III515Eu2H2BE3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a1a1eE1b1a1a1e
E-M3525III414Eu4H2BE3b*E3bE1b1b1E1b1b1E3b1E3b1E1b1b1E1b1b1E1b1b1removedremoved
E-M7825III414Eu4H2BE3b1*E3b1E1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E1b1b1a1
E-M14825III414Eu4H2BE3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E3b1a3aE3b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E1b1b1a1c1
E-M8125III414Eu4H2BE3b2*E3b2E1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E3b1bE3b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1a
E-M10725III414Eu4H2BE3b2aE3b2aE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE3b1b1E3b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE1b1b1b1a1
E-M16525III414Eu4H2BE3b2bE3b2bE1b1b1b2E1b1b1b1b1E3b1b2E3b1b2E1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b1a2a
E-M12325III414Eu4H2BE3b3*E3b3E1b1b1cE1b1b1cE3b1cE3b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1b2a
E-M3425III414Eu4H2BE3b3a*E3b3aE1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E3b1c1E3b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1b2a1
E-M13625III414Eu4H2BE3ba1E3b3a1E1b1b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E3b1c1aE3b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Phylogenetic trees

Cladogram with the main subclades:
The following phylogenetic tree is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG. It includes all known subclades as of June 2015
  • E-M215
  • *E-M215*. Rare or non-existent.
  • *E-M35
  • **E-V68
  • ***E-V2009. Found in individuals in Sardinia and Morocco.
  • ***E-M78. North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Sicily.
  • ****E-M78*
  • ****E-V1477. Found in Tunisian Jews.
  • ****E-V1083.
  • *****E-V1083*. Found only in Eritrea and Sardinia.
  • *****E-V13
  • *****E-V22
  • ****E-V1129
  • *****E-V12
  • ******E-V12*
  • ******E-V32
  • *****E-V264
  • ******E-V259. Found in North Cameroon.
  • ******E-V65
  • *******E-CTS194
  • **E-Z827
  • ***E-V257/L19 – E1b1b1b1
  • ****E-PF2431
  • ****E-M81
  • *****E-PF2546
  • ******E-PF2546*
  • ******E-CTS12227
  • *******E-MZ11
  • ********E-MZ12
  • ******E-A929
  • *******E-Z5009
  • ********E-Z5009*
  • ********E-Z5010
  • ********E-Z5013
  • *********E-Z5013*
  • *********E-A1152
  • *******E-A2227
  • ********E-A428
  • ********E-MZ16
  • *******E-PF6794
  • ********E-PF6794*
  • ********E-PF6789
  • *********E-MZ21
  • *********E-MZ23
  • *********E-MZ80
  • *******E-A930
  • *******E-Z2198/E-MZ46
  • ********E-A601
  • ********E-L351
  • ***E-Z830 – E1b1b1b2
  • ****E-M123
  • *****E-M34
  • ******E-M84
  • *******E-M136
  • ******E-M290
  • ******E-V23
  • ******E-L791
  • ****E-V1515. E-V1515 and its subclades are mainly restricted to eastern Africa.
  • *****E-V1515*
  • *****E-V1486
  • ******E-V1486*
  • ******E-V2881
  • *******E-V2881*
  • *******E-V1792
  • *******E-V92
  • ******E-M293
  • *******E-M293*
  • *******E-P72
  • *******E-V3065*
  • *****E-V1700
  • ******E-V42
  • ******E-V1785
  • *******E-V1785*
  • *******E-V6
  • **E-V16/E-M281. Rare. Found in individuals in Ethiopia, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.